{
 "_meta": {
  "title": "通用库 · 物",
  "format": "cozlab-atlas/1",
  "note": "出处与分级沿用第廿玖期《丝绸之路》。哪条流布归到哪件物上是编排，待逐条复核。另一期书里说到同一件物的话，列在流布之后；物页「见于」合流布与各期两处。",
  "_log": "第一次从第廿玖期《丝绸之路》的 goods.json 灌入，出处与分级原样搬来；哪条流动归到哪件物上是编排，待逐条复核。 cites：另一期书里说到同一件物的话（topic、label、cite），列在流布之后；物页「见于」合流布与 topics 两处。",
  "updated": "2026-10-26"
 },
 "things": [
  {
   "id": "si",
   "name": "丝",
   "name_alt": [
    "缯",
    "帛",
    "缯彩",
    "绫",
    "漆",
    "汉缯"
   ],
   "kind": "织物",
   "topics": [
    "silkroad"
   ],
   "flow": [
    {
     "dir": "west",
     "year": -119,
     "ll_from": [
      108.95,
      34.27
     ],
     "ll_to": [
      77.5,
      42.4
     ],
     "year_text": "元狩四年（前119）后，张骞第二次出使",
     "from": "长安",
     "from_id": "",
     "to": "乌孙",
     "to_id": "",
     "event": "丝帛",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "A",
      "source": "《史记》卷一百二十三·大宛列传",
      "quote": "天子以为然，拜骞为中郎将，将三百人，马各二匹，牛羊以万数，赍金币帛直数千巨万，多持节副使，道可使，使遗之他旁国。",
      "plain": "天子同意了，任张骞为中郎将，带三百人、每人两匹马、上万头牛羊，并携带价值数千巨万的黄金、钱币和丝帛，还多带能持节的副使，路通得了就派他们出使旁边别的国家。",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/史藏/正史/史记.txt"
     },
     "topic": "silkroad",
     "note": "「赍金币帛直数千巨万」的「直」通「值」。《汉书·张骞传》有同一事的异文（「多持节副使，道可便遣之旁国」）。",
     "rename": "汉文里这批西去的织物一直叫「帛」「缯」「绫」「锦」。希腊语 Sēres／Sērikon、拉丁语 sericum 都从「丝」的某个中亚转音而来，这一层汉文文献里没有记载。"
    },
    {
     "dir": "west",
     "year": -104,
     "ll_from": [
      108.95,
      34.27
     ],
     "ll_to": [
      71.0,
      40.5
     ],
     "year_text": "约前104—前101年间事；《史记》成书前91年左右",
     "from": "长安",
     "from_id": "",
     "to": "大宛",
     "to_id": "",
     "event": "丝与漆（作为技术）",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "A",
      "source": "《史记》卷一百二十三·大宛列传",
      "quote": "其地皆无丝漆，不知铸钱器。及汉使亡卒降，教铸作他兵器。得汉黄白金，辄以为器，不用为币。",
      "plain": "那一带都不产丝和漆，也不会铸钱、铸器。后来汉朝使团里逃亡投降的士卒教会了他们铸造别的兵器。他们拿到汉朝的黄金白银，就直接打成器皿，不当钱用。",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/史藏/正史/史记.txt"
     },
     "topic": "silkroad",
     "note": "可与「绫绢机杼与汉匠」条对看：8 世纪有汉匠在亚俱罗（库法）织绫。",
     "rename": "司马迁没有记这两样东西在当地叫什么，只写「其地皆无丝漆」。"
    },
    {
     "dir": "west",
     "year": 166,
     "ll_from": [
      112.45,
      34.62
     ],
     "ll_to": [
      12.5,
      41.9
     ],
     "year_text": "记事至桓帝延熹九年（166）；《后汉书》成书于445年",
     "from": "洛阳",
     "from_id": "",
     "to": "大秦",
     "to_id": "",
     "event": "汉缯彩（转口的丝）",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "B",
      "source": "《后汉书》卷八十八·西域传·大秦",
      "quote": "其王常欲通使于汉，而安息欲以汉缯彩与之交市，故遮阂不得自达。",
      "plain": "大秦国王一直想派使者直接通汉，但安息想拿汉朝的彩色丝绸跟大秦做买卖，所以从中阻隔，大秦始终没能自己通到汉朝。",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/史藏/正史/后汉书.txt"
     },
     "topic": "silkroad",
     "note": "此段出自班勇所记，范晔编入《西域传》。",
     "rename": "罗马在汉文里叫「大秦」，理由写在同一段上文：「其人民皆长大平正，有类中国，故谓之大秦」。"
    }
   ],
   "name_en": "Silk"
  },
  {
   "id": "zhi",
   "name": "纸",
   "name_alt": [
    "蔡侯纸"
   ],
   "kind": "器用",
   "topics": [
    "silkroad"
   ],
   "flow": [
    {
     "dir": "west",
     "year": 105,
     "ll_from": [
      112.45,
      34.62
     ],
     "ll_to": [
      75.23,
      37.78
     ],
     "year_text": "元兴元年（105）奏上",
     "from": "洛阳",
     "from_id": "",
     "to": "（汉文无载·线止于葱岭）",
     "to_id": "suzhou_bgx",
     "event": "纸",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "B",
      "source": "《后汉书》卷七十八·宦者列传·蔡伦",
      "quote": "自古书契多编以竹简，其用缣帛者谓之为纸。缣贵而简重，并不便于人。伦乃造意，用树肤﹑麻头及敝布﹑鱼网以为纸。元兴元年奏上之，帝善其能，自是莫不从用焉，故天下咸称“蔡侯纸”。",
      "plain": "自古文书多编竹简，用缣帛写的才叫「纸」。缣帛贵、竹简重，都不便于人用。蔡伦于是想出办法，用树皮、麻头以及破布、鱼网来造纸。元兴元年奏报上去，皇帝称赞他能干，从此天下无不使用，所以都叫它「蔡侯纸」。",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/史藏/正史/后汉书.txt"
     },
     "topic": "silkroad",
     "note": "汉文文献里没有造纸术何时、经何路西传的记载。751 年怛罗斯之战后撒马尔罕造纸一说，出自阿拉伯文献（al-Thaʿālibī《世间珍闻》，11 世纪）。见《丝绸之路》存疑。",
     "rename": "「纸」原指缣帛写本（「其用缣帛者谓之为纸」）。蔡伦用树皮、麻头、敝布、鱼网造出新物，沿用了这个旧名；新物又以造者的封爵称作「蔡侯纸」。",
     "open": true
    }
   ],
   "name_en": "Paper"
  },
  {
   "id": "jizhu",
   "name": "绫绢机杼与汉匠",
   "name_alt": [
    "汉匠"
   ],
   "kind": "技艺",
   "topics": [
    "silkroad"
   ],
   "flow": [
    {
     "dir": "west",
     "year": 751,
     "ll_from": [
      108.95,
      34.27
     ],
     "ll_to": [
      44.4,
      32.03
     ],
     "year_text": "天宝十载（751）怛逻斯战后被俘，宝应元年（762）归国；《通典》成书801年",
     "from": "长安",
     "from_id": "",
     "to": "亚俱罗",
     "to_id": "",
     "event": "绫绢机杼与汉匠",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "A",
      "source": "《通典》卷一百九十三·边防九·大食（引杜环《经行记》）",
      "quote": "绫绢机杼，金银匠、画匠、汉匠起作画者，京兆人樊淑、刘泚",
      "plain": "（大食都城亚俱罗）有织绫绢的织机，有金银匠、画匠。汉人工匠里，起稿作画的是京兆人樊淑、刘泚。",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/史藏/政书/通典.txt"
     },
     "topic": "silkroad",
     "note": "原文下文「织络者，河东人乐䂮、吕礼」，「乐」后一字底本缺，引文止于「刘泚」。杜环是杜佑族子。",
     "_log": "原文下文「织络者，河东人乐●、吕礼」的「乐」后一字在殆知阁本作黑方块（通行本作「乐䂮」），故引文止于「刘泚」。杜环是杜佑族子。",
     "rename": "杜环写作「汉匠」，不作「唐匠」。"
    }
   ],
   "name_en": "Looms and Han weavers"
  },
  {
   "id": "ci",
   "name": "瓷器",
   "name_alt": [
    "瓷"
   ],
   "kind": "陶瓷",
   "topics": [
    "silkroad"
   ],
   "flow": [
    {
     "dir": "west",
     "year": 971,
     "ll_from": [
      113.26,
      23.13
     ],
     "ll_to": [
      44.4,
      32.03
     ],
     "year_text": "开宝四年（971）置广州市舶司",
     "from": "广州",
     "from_id": "guangzhou",
     "to": "大食",
     "to_id": "",
     "event": "瓷器",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "B",
      "source": "《宋史》卷一百八十六·食货志下八·互市舶法",
      "quote": "四年，置市舶司于广州，后又于杭、明州置司。凡大食、古逻、阇婆、占城、勃泥、麻逸、三佛斋诸蕃并通货易，以金银、缗钱、铅锡、杂色帛、瓷器，市香药、犀象、珊瑚、琥珀、珠琲、镔铁",
      "plain": "开宝四年，在广州设立市舶司，后来又在杭州、明州设司。凡大食、古逻、阇婆、占城、勃泥、麻逸、三佛斋各蕃国都来通商，用金银、铜钱、铅锡、各色丝帛和瓷器，去换香药、犀角象牙、珊瑚、琥珀、珍珠、镔铁……",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/史藏/正史/宋史.txt"
     },
     "topic": "silkroad",
     "note": "引文止于「镔铁」，其后一词底本字坏。另，《宋史》嘉定十二年条明令「止以绢帛、锦锜、瓷漆之属博易」，禁以金银外流，见「漆器」条。",
     "_log": "引文止于「镔铁」：其后一词在殆知阁本作乱码「ＰＺ皮」，故截断。另见《宋史》嘉定十二年条，明令「止以绢帛、锦锜、瓷漆之属博易」，禁以金银外流——引文见 note 字段无法容纳，已另立「漆」条。",
     "rename": "瓷在汉文里没有改名。换回来的东西里，「香药」一名把燃香与药物并成市舶的一个名目。"
    }
   ],
   "name_en": "Porcelain"
  },
  {
   "id": "qi",
   "name": "漆器",
   "name_alt": [
    "漆"
   ],
   "kind": "器用",
   "topics": [
    "silkroad"
   ],
   "flow": [
    {
     "dir": "west",
     "year": 1219,
     "ll_from": [
      118.6,
      24.87
     ],
     "ll_to": [
      44.4,
      32.03
     ],
     "year_text": "嘉定十二年（1219）",
     "from": "泉州",
     "from_id": "",
     "to": "大食",
     "to_id": "",
     "event": "漆器（与绢帛同作支付物）",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "B",
      "source": "《宋史》卷一百八十五·食货志下七·香",
      "quote": "嘉定十二年，臣僚言以金银博买，泄之远夷为可惜，乃命有司止以绢帛、锦锜、瓷漆之属博易。",
      "plain": "嘉定十二年，臣僚上言：用金银去收买（番货），把金银泄漏给远方夷人太可惜了，于是命令有关部门只许用绢帛、锦锜、瓷器漆器这类东西去交换。",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/史藏/正史/宋史.txt"
     },
     "topic": "silkroad",
     "note": "「锦锜」当作「锦绮」，引文照底本录。",
     "rename": "「博买」「博易」是宋代市舶专用语，指官府定额收购；漆器只在「之属」里带过，没有单列名目。"
    }
   ],
   "name_en": "Lacquerware"
  },
  {
   "id": "putao",
   "name": "葡萄",
   "name_alt": [
    "蒲陶",
    "蒲萄",
    "蒲桃"
   ],
   "kind": "作物",
   "topics": [
    "silkroad",
    "kunyu"
   ],
   "flow": [
    {
     "dir": "east",
     "year": -119,
     "ll_from": [
      71.0,
      40.5
     ],
     "ll_to": [
      108.95,
      34.27
     ],
     "year_text": "约前119年后，张骞通西域之后",
     "from": "大宛",
     "from_id": "",
     "to": "长安",
     "to_id": "",
     "event": "葡萄与苜蓿",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "A",
      "source": "《史记》卷一百二十三·大宛列传",
      "quote": "宛左右以蒲陶为酒，富人藏酒至万馀石，久者数十岁不败。俗嗜酒，马嗜苜蓿。汉使取其实来，于是天子始种苜蓿、蒲陶肥饶地。及天马多，外国使来众，则离宫别观旁尽种蒲萄、苜蓿极望。",
      "plain": "大宛一带用葡萄酿酒，富人藏酒多到一万多石，放几十年也不坏。当地人嗜酒，马爱吃苜蓿。汉朝使者把它们的种子带回来，于是天子开始在肥沃的地上种苜蓿和葡萄。等到天马多了、外国使者来得多了，就在离宫别馆旁边种满葡萄苜蓿，一望无际。",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/史藏/正史/史记.txt"
     },
     "topic": "silkroad",
     "note": "《汉书·西域传》作「俗耆酒，马耆目宿」，《齐民要术·种苜蓿第二十九》引《西京杂记》苜蓿三名；《齐民要术》另有「汉武帝使张骞至大宛，取蒲萄实，于离宫别馆旁尽种之」，是后魏对《史记》此段的转述。",
     "rename": "「蒲陶」是音译（一般认为对译伊朗语 *bādāwa／希腊语 botrus 一系）。司马迁写「蒲陶」「苜蓿」，《汉书》同段写「蒲陶」「目宿」。后来加草头定形为「葡萄」「苜蓿」。《西京杂记》另记苜蓿在汉地有三个汉语名：怀风、光风、连枝草。"
    }
   ],
   "cites": [
    {
     "topic": "kunyu",
     "label": "葡萄酒",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "A",
      "source": "《坤舆万国全图》题识·木島（马德拉岛）（利玛窦，1602 北京刻本；狩野文库彩绘本对校）",
      "quote": "木島去波爾杜瓦爾半月程，樹木茂翳，地肥美。波爾杜瓦爾人至此焚之，八年始盡，今種葡萄，釀酒絕佳。",
      "plain": "木岛离波尔杜瓦尔半个月路程，树木茂密，土地肥美。波尔杜瓦尔人到这里放火烧林，烧了八年才烧尽，如今种葡萄，酿的酒极好。"
     }
    }
   ],
   "name_en": "Grape"
  },
  {
   "id": "muxu",
   "name": "苜蓿",
   "name_alt": [
    "目宿",
    "怀风",
    "光风",
    "连枝草"
   ],
   "kind": "作物",
   "topics": [
    "silkroad"
   ],
   "flow": [
    {
     "dir": "east",
     "year": -119,
     "ll_from": [
      71.0,
      40.5
     ],
     "ll_to": [
      108.95,
      34.27
     ],
     "year_text": "约前119年后，张骞通西域之后",
     "from": "大宛",
     "from_id": "",
     "to": "长安",
     "to_id": "",
     "event": "葡萄与苜蓿",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "A",
      "source": "《史记》卷一百二十三·大宛列传",
      "quote": "宛左右以蒲陶为酒，富人藏酒至万馀石，久者数十岁不败。俗嗜酒，马嗜苜蓿。汉使取其实来，于是天子始种苜蓿、蒲陶肥饶地。及天马多，外国使来众，则离宫别观旁尽种蒲萄、苜蓿极望。",
      "plain": "大宛一带用葡萄酿酒，富人藏酒多到一万多石，放几十年也不坏。当地人嗜酒，马爱吃苜蓿。汉朝使者把它们的种子带回来，于是天子开始在肥沃的地上种苜蓿和葡萄。等到天马多了、外国使者来得多了，就在离宫别馆旁边种满葡萄苜蓿，一望无际。",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/史藏/正史/史记.txt"
     },
     "topic": "silkroad",
     "note": "《汉书·西域传》作「俗耆酒，马耆目宿」，《齐民要术·种苜蓿第二十九》引《西京杂记》苜蓿三名；《齐民要术》另有「汉武帝使张骞至大宛，取蒲萄实，于离宫别馆旁尽种之」，是后魏对《史记》此段的转述。",
     "rename": "「蒲陶」是音译（一般认为对译伊朗语 *bādāwa／希腊语 botrus 一系）。司马迁写「蒲陶」「苜蓿」，《汉书》同段写「蒲陶」「目宿」。后来加草头定形为「葡萄」「苜蓿」。《西京杂记》另记苜蓿在汉地有三个汉语名：怀风、光风、连枝草。"
    }
   ],
   "name_en": "Alfalfa"
  },
  {
   "id": "dawanma",
   "name": "大宛马",
   "name_alt": [
    "天马",
    "西极",
    "蒲梢",
    "汗血马"
   ],
   "kind": "畜类",
   "topics": [
    "silkroad"
   ],
   "flow": [
    {
     "dir": "east",
     "year": -101,
     "ll_from": [
      71.0,
      40.5
     ],
     "ll_to": [
      108.95,
      34.27
     ],
     "year_text": "前115年得乌孙马、前101年（太初四年）得大宛汗血马",
     "from": "大宛",
     "from_id": "",
     "to": "长安",
     "to_id": "",
     "event": "大宛马（汗血马）",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "A",
      "source": "《史记》卷一百二十三·大宛列传",
      "quote": "初，天子发书易，云“神马当从西北来”。得乌孙马好，名曰“天马”。及得大宛汗血马，益壮，更名乌孙马曰“西极”，名大宛马曰“天马”云。",
      "plain": "当初天子翻《易》占卜，说「神马会从西北来」。后来得到乌孙的好马，取名叫「天马」。等到又得了大宛的汗血马，比乌孙马更雄壮，就把乌孙马改名叫「西极」，把大宛马叫作「天马」。",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/史藏/正史/史记.txt"
     },
     "topic": "silkroad",
     "note": "《汉书·武帝纪》太初四年条作「四年春，贰师将军广利斩大宛王首，获汗血马来。作《西极天马之歌》」；《汉书·西域传赞》「闻天马、蒲陶则通大宛、安息」。",
     "rename": "「天马」先给乌孙马；得了更壮的大宛汗血马，名号转给大宛马，乌孙马改称「西极」。「天马」一名出自武帝发《易》所得的卜辞「神马当从西北来」，卜辞在前，得马在后。"
    },
    {
     "dir": "east",
     "year": -101,
     "ll_from": [
      71.0,
      40.5
     ],
     "ll_to": [
      108.95,
      34.27
     ],
     "year_text": "太初四年（前101）春",
     "from": "大宛",
     "from_id": "",
     "to": "长安",
     "to_id": "",
     "event": "汗血马（纪年确证）",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "A",
      "source": "《汉书》卷六·武帝纪·太初四年",
      "quote": "四年春，贰师将军广利斩大宛王首，获汗血马来。作《西极天马之歌》。",
      "plain": "（太初）四年春天，贰师将军李广利斩下大宛王的首级，带回汗血马。作《西极天马之歌》。",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/史藏/正史/汉书.txt"
     },
     "topic": "silkroad",
     "note": "「大宛马」条的纪年据此。《汉书·西域传》同事作「俗耆酒，马耆目宿」，其中「目宿」是「苜蓿」在《汉书》中的写法，与《史记》用字不同。",
     "rename": "本纪只写「汗血马」，按体征起名。同一批马在本纪叫汗血马，在列传叫天马，在乐府叫西极天马。"
    }
   ],
   "name_en": "Ferghana horse"
  },
  {
   "id": "liuli",
   "name": "琉璃",
   "name_alt": [
    "璢璃",
    "流离",
    "颇黎"
   ],
   "kind": "器用",
   "topics": [
    "silkroad"
   ],
   "flow": [
    {
     "dir": "east",
     "year": 440,
     "ll_from": [
      66.9,
      36.76
     ],
     "ll_to": [
      113.3,
      40.09
     ],
     "year_text": "太武帝时（424—452）",
     "from": "大月氏",
     "from_id": "",
     "to": "平城",
     "to_id": "",
     "event": "玻璃（琉璃）",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "B",
      "source": "《魏书》卷一百二·西域传·大月氏",
      "quote": "世祖时，其国人商贩京师，自云能铸石为五色璢璃，于是采矿山中，于京师铸之。既成，光泽乃美于西方来者。乃诏为行殿，容百余人，光色映彻，观者见之，莫不惊骇，以为神明所作。自此中国璢璃遂贱，人不复珍之。",
      "plain": "太武帝时，大月氏国人到京城做买卖，自称能把矿石熔铸成五色琉璃，于是在山里采矿，在京城铸造。铸成之后，光泽比西方运来的还漂亮。皇帝下诏用它造了一座行殿，能容一百多人，光色透亮，看见的人无不惊骇，以为是神做的。从此中国的琉璃就便宜了，人们不再拿它当宝贝。",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/史藏/正史/魏书.txt"
     },
     "topic": "silkroad",
     "note": "底本作「璢璃」（「琉」的异体），引文照录。另参《隋书·何稠传》「时中国久绝琉璃之作……稠以绿瓷为之，与真不异」，见「波斯锦」条：到隋初，琉璃的做法又断了。",
     "_log": "殆知阁本作「璢璃」（「琉」的异体），引文照录。另参《隋书·何稠传》「时中国久绝琉璃之作……稠以绿瓷为之，与真不异」，见 hechou 条——说明北魏这次技术到岸后又断绝了。",
     "rename": "「琉璃／璢璃／流离」是音译（一般溯至巴利语 veḷuriya），本指天然宝石（青金石、绿柱石一类），玻璃器进来之后夺用了这个宝石名，于是同一个词在汉文里既指玉石又指人造物，混用到唐代才靠「颇黎」（< 波斯语 billūr）分出一支。"
    }
   ],
   "name_en": "Glass (liuli)"
  },
  {
   "id": "bosijin",
   "name": "波斯锦",
   "name_alt": [
    "金绵锦袍",
    "绿瓷"
   ],
   "kind": "织物",
   "topics": [
    "silkroad"
   ],
   "flow": [
    {
     "dir": "east",
     "year": 590,
     "ll_from": [
      52.5,
      32.65
     ],
     "ll_to": [
      108.95,
      34.27
     ],
     "year_text": "开皇年间（581—600）",
     "from": "波斯",
     "from_id": "",
     "to": "大兴",
     "to_id": "",
     "event": "波斯锦与绿瓷代琉璃",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "B",
      "source": "《隋书》卷六十八·何稠传",
      "quote": "稠博览古图，多识旧物。波斯尝献金绵锦袍，组织殊丽。上命稠为之。稠锦既成，逾所献者，上甚悦。时中国久绝琉璃之作，匠人无敢厝意，稠以绿瓷为之，与真不异。",
      "plain": "何稠博览古图，认得许多旧器物。波斯曾进献金线织的锦袍，织法特别华丽，文帝命何稠仿造。何稠织成的锦比进献的还好，文帝很高兴。当时中国已经很久不会做琉璃了，工匠都不敢下手，何稠用绿色瓷来做，跟真琉璃没有分别。",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/史藏/正史/隋书.txt"
     },
     "topic": "silkroad",
     "note": "可与《魏书》大月氏人铸琉璃一条对看：北魏已能铸琉璃，到隋初已「久绝」。",
     "rename": "何稠仿织的锦袍没有另起名。琉璃改用本地的绿瓷来做，仍当琉璃用。"
    }
   ],
   "name_en": "Persian brocade"
  },
  {
   "id": "mian",
   "name": "棉",
   "name_alt": [
    "白叠",
    "白叠子",
    "白迭",
    "吉贝",
    "古贝"
   ],
   "kind": "作物",
   "topics": [
    "silkroad"
   ],
   "flow": [
    {
     "dir": "east",
     "year": 535,
     "ll_from": [
      89.53,
      42.85
     ],
     "ll_to": [
      118.8,
      32.06
     ],
     "year_text": "大同年间（535—546）高昌遣使；《梁书》成书636年",
     "from": "高昌",
     "from_id": "",
     "to": "建康",
     "to_id": "jiankang",
     "event": "棉（白叠子）",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "B",
      "source": "《梁书》卷五十四·诸夷传·高昌",
      "quote": "多草木，草实如茧，茧中丝如细纑，名为白叠子，国人多取织以为布。布甚软白，交市用焉。",
      "plain": "（高昌）草木很多，有一种草结的果实像蚕茧，茧里的丝像细麻线，名叫白叠子，国人多拿它纺织成布。布很柔软洁白，市场上用它交易。",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/史藏/正史/梁书.txt"
     },
     "topic": "silkroad",
     "note": "通行引文作「名曰白叠子」，底本作「名为白叠子」，照底本录。",
     "rename": "「白叠」是音译（一般认为对译突厥语 paḳta 或梵语 karpāsa 一系的中亚形式）。《梁书》写它「草实如茧，茧中丝如细纑」，拿蚕茧、细麻线来比。另一套译名「吉贝／古贝」（< 马来语 kapas）走海路进来，同书扶南、丹丹诸条即用之。"
    }
   ],
   "name_en": "Cotton"
  },
  {
   "id": "suhe",
   "name": "苏合香",
   "name_alt": [
    "苏合"
   ],
   "kind": "香料",
   "topics": [
    "silkroad"
   ],
   "flow": [
    {
     "dir": "east",
     "year": 166,
     "ll_from": [
      12.5,
      41.9
     ],
     "ll_to": [
      112.45,
      34.62
     ],
     "year_text": "记事至延熹九年（166）；《后汉书》成书445年",
     "from": "大秦",
     "from_id": "",
     "to": "洛阳",
     "to_id": "",
     "event": "苏合香",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "B",
      "source": "《后汉书》卷八十八·西域传·大秦",
      "quote": "合会诸香，煎其汁以为苏合。",
      "plain": "（大秦）把各种香料合在一起，煎熬它们的汁液，做成苏合。",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/史藏/正史/后汉书.txt"
     },
     "topic": "silkroad",
     "note": "《梁书》原句：「苏合是合诸香汁煎之……不大香也」。",
     "rename": "「苏合」既像音译又像意译，「合会诸香」的「合」正落在译名上。汉文文献此后把这个合香的名字当作一种香料。"
    }
   ],
   "name_en": "Storax"
  },
  {
   "id": "anxi",
   "name": "安息香",
   "name_alt": [
    "辟邪"
   ],
   "kind": "香料",
   "topics": [
    "silkroad",
    "kunyu"
   ],
   "flow": [
    {
     "dir": "east",
     "year": 860,
     "ll_from": [
      52.5,
      32.65
     ],
     "ll_to": [
      108.95,
      34.27
     ],
     "year_text": "《酉阳杂俎》约成书于大中年间（847—860）",
     "from": "波斯",
     "from_id": "",
     "to": "京师(隋唐长安)",
     "to_id": "",
     "event": "安息香",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "B",
      "source": "《酉阳杂俎》前集卷十八·广动植之三·木篇",
      "quote": "安息香树，出波斯国，波斯呼为辟邪。树长三丈，皮色黄黑，叶有四角，经寒不凋。二月开花，黄色，花心微碧，不结实。刻其树皮，其胶如饴，名安息香。六七月坚凝，乃取之。烧通神明，辟众恶。",
      "plain": "安息香树出在波斯国，波斯人叫它「辟邪」。树高三丈，树皮黄黑色，叶子有四个角，经冬不凋。二月开黄花，花心微微发青，不结果。刻破树皮，胶汁像糖稀，名叫安息香。六七月凝固变硬，就采下来。烧它能通神明，驱除各种恶物。",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/子藏/笔记/酉阳杂俎.txt"
     },
     "topic": "silkroad",
     "note": "段成式记的波斯名多有讹误，学界对「辟邪」是否真为波斯语转写有争议；此处照录原文。",
     "rename": "一物两名：汉名「安息香」按产地（安息＝帕提亚）起；段成式记「波斯呼为辟邪」，「辟邪」说的是功效。"
    }
   ],
   "cites": [
    {
     "topic": "kunyu",
     "label": "檀香、安息香",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "A",
      "source": "《坤舆万国全图》题识·爪哇以東諸島（利玛窦，1602 北京刻本；狩野文库彩绘本对校）",
      "quote": "此處海島甚多，船甚難行。其地出檀香、丁香、金銀香、安息香、蘇木、胡椒、片腦。",
      "plain": "这一带海岛很多，船很难走。那里出檀香、丁香、金银香、安息香、苏木、胡椒、片脑。"
     }
    }
   ],
   "name_en": "Benzoin"
  },
  {
   "id": "qitun",
   "name": "齐暾（橄榄）",
   "name_alt": [
    "齐暾",
    "齐虚"
   ],
   "kind": "作物",
   "topics": [
    "silkroad"
   ],
   "flow": [
    {
     "dir": "east",
     "year": 860,
     "ll_from": [
      52.5,
      32.65
     ],
     "ll_to": [
      108.95,
      34.27
     ],
     "year_text": "《酉阳杂俎》约成书于大中年间（847—860）",
     "from": "波斯",
     "from_id": "",
     "to": "京师(隋唐长安)",
     "to_id": "",
     "event": "橄榄油树（齐暾）",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "B",
      "source": "《酉阳杂俎》前集卷十八·广动植之三·木篇",
      "quote": "齐暾树，出波斯国。亦出拂林国，拂林呼为齐虚（音汤兮反）。树长二三丈，皮青白，花似柚，极芳香。子似杨桃，五月熟。西域人压为油以煮饼果，如中国之用巨胜也。",
      "plain": "齐暾树出在波斯国，也出在拂菻国，拂菻人叫它「齐虚」。树高二三丈，树皮青白，花像柚花，极香。果实像杨桃，五月成熟。西域人把它压榨成油，用来煮饼和果子，就像中国用胡麻（榨油）一样。",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/子藏/笔记/酉阳杂俎.txt"
     },
     "topic": "silkroad",
     "note": "齐暾即油橄榄，唐代没能在汉地种活，只留下名字和用法。",
     "rename": "「齐暾」是阿拉伯语 zaytūn 的音译；「齐虚」是拂菻人的叫法，属拜占庭希腊语一系。同一条记载里，一棵树有两个音译名。"
    }
   ],
   "name_en": "Olive"
  },
  {
   "id": "hujiao",
   "name": "胡椒",
   "name_alt": [
    "昧履支"
   ],
   "kind": "香料",
   "topics": [
    "silkroad",
    "kunyu",
    "zhenghe"
   ],
   "flow": [
    {
     "dir": "east",
     "year": 860,
     "ll_from": [
      85.14,
      25.6
     ],
     "ll_to": [
      108.95,
      34.27
     ],
     "year_text": "《酉阳杂俎》约成书于大中年间（847—860）",
     "from": "摩伽陀",
     "from_id": "",
     "to": "京师(隋唐长安)",
     "to_id": "",
     "event": "胡椒",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "B",
      "source": "《酉阳杂俎》前集卷十八·广动植之三·木篇",
      "quote": "胡椒，出摩伽陀国，呼为昧履支。其苗蔓生，极柔弱。叶长寸半，有细条与叶齐，条上结子，两两相对。其叶晨开暮合，合则裹其子于叶中。形似汉椒，至辛辣。六月采，今人作胡盘肉食皆用之。",
      "plain": "胡椒出在摩伽陀国，当地叫它「昧履支」。它的苗蔓生，极柔弱。叶长一寸半，有细条与叶齐平，条上结子，两两相对。叶子早上张开晚上合拢，合拢时把果实裹在叶中。形状像汉椒，极辛辣。六月采收，如今人做胡盘肉食都用它。",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/子藏/笔记/酉阳杂俎.txt"
     },
     "topic": "silkroad",
     "rename": "两个名字：梵语 marica 的音译「昧履支」，和汉语起的「胡椒」。后来通行的是「胡椒」，原文说它「形似汉椒」。"
    }
   ],
   "cites": [
    {
     "topic": "kunyu",
     "label": "椒料",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "A",
      "source": "《坤舆万国全图》题识·應帝亞（印度）（利玛窦，1602 北京刻本；狩野文库彩绘本对校）",
      "quote": "天下之寶石寶貨自是地出，細布、金銀、椒料、木香、乳香、藥材、青朱等，無所不有。",
      "plain": "天下的宝石宝货都从这里出，细布、金银、椒料、木香、乳香、药材、青朱等，什么都有。"
     }
    },
    {
     "plate": "zh-pepper",
     "cite": {
      "source_id": "RT01",
      "quote": "山有胡椒，人多置園種為產業",
      "plain": "山中有胡椒，人们多建园种植，以此为业。",
      "source": "〔同时代文献〕马欢《瀛涯胜览》柯枝国",
      "locator": "柯枝国·胡椒与收买商人段；并参古里国",
      "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/瀛涯勝覽#柯枝國",
      "grade": "A"
     },
     "note": "原文中的商人既等中国宝船，也等别处番船。这里连的是岸上产业与港口交易，不把产量、买价或收益扩成七航的共同统计。",
     "depiction": {
      "label": "通用形态示意",
      "basis": "用攀援茎、叶和下垂果穗辨识胡椒这一物类；朱标指一粒果实。原创通用形态，不是标本摘绘。",
      "limits": "叶脉、果粒数与大小不是植物鉴定依据；没有由图考订古代品种或成熟状态。"
     },
     "unresolved": "国别篇没有给这段胡椒贸易记述确定航次；古单位没有在本图中换算。",
     "thing_id": "zh-pepper",
     "topic": "zhenghe",
     "label": "胡椒"
    }
   ],
   "name_en": "Black pepper"
  },
  {
   "id": "guizile",
   "name": "龟兹乐",
   "name_alt": [
    "娑陀力",
    "鸡识",
    "沙识",
    "沙侯加滥",
    "沙腊",
    "般赡",
    "俟利"
   ],
   "kind": "乐舞",
   "topics": [
    "silkroad"
   ],
   "flow": [
    {
     "dir": "east",
     "year": 568,
     "ll_from": [
      82.96,
      41.72
     ],
     "ll_to": [
      108.95,
      34.27
     ],
     "year_text": "北周武帝天和三年（568）突厥皇后阿史那氏入周；《隋书》成书636年",
     "from": "龟兹",
     "from_id": "",
     "to": "大兴",
     "to_id": "",
     "event": "龟兹乐与苏祗婆七调",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "A",
      "source": "《隋书》卷十四·音乐志中",
      "quote": "先是周武帝时，有龟兹人曰苏祗婆，从突厥皇后入国，善胡琵琶。听其所奏，一均之中间有七声。因而问之，答云：‘父在西域，称为知音。代相传习，调有七种。’以其七调，勘校七声，冥若合符。一曰‘娑陀力’，华言平声，即宫声也。二曰‘鸡识’，华言长声，即商声也。三曰‘沙识’，华言质直声，即角声也。四曰‘沙侯加滥’，华言应声，即变征声也。五曰‘沙腊’，华言应和声，即征声也。六曰‘般赡’，华言五声，即羽声也。七曰‘俟利’，华言斛牛声，即变宫声也。",
      "plain": "在此之前，北周武帝时有个龟兹人叫苏祗婆，跟随突厥皇后进入中国，擅长弹胡琵琶。听他所奏，一个调式之内有七个音。问他，他回答：「我父亲在西域被称为知音，世代相传，调有七种。」拿这七调去比对（中国的）七声，完全吻合。第一叫「娑陀力」，汉语意思是平声，就是宫声；第二叫「鸡识」，汉语意思是长声，就是商声；第三叫「沙识」，汉语意思是质直声，就是角声；第四叫「沙侯加滥」，汉语意思是应声，就是变徵声；第五叫「沙腊」，汉语意思是应和声，就是徵声；第六叫「般赡」，汉语意思是五声，就是羽声；第七叫「俟利」，汉语意思是斛牛声，就是变宫声。",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/史藏/正史/隋书.txt"
     },
     "topic": "silkroad",
     "note": "同书另记龟兹乐的来路：「《龟兹》者，起自吕光灭龟兹，因得其声。吕氏亡，其乐分散，后魏平中原，复获之。」（384年吕光破龟兹）。",
     "rename": "七个龟兹／印度调名先音译（娑陀力 < 梵语 ṣaḍja、般赡 < pañcama 等），再「华言」意译，最后折成中国固有的宫商角徵羽。三层名字列在一张表上，后来中国音乐里通行的只有第三层。"
    }
   ],
   "name_en": "Kuchean music"
  },
  {
   "id": "huxuan",
   "name": "胡旋舞",
   "name_alt": [
    "康国乐",
    "胡旋"
   ],
   "kind": "乐舞",
   "topics": [
    "silkroad"
   ],
   "flow": [
    {
     "dir": "east",
     "year": 642,
     "ll_from": [
      66.96,
      39.65
     ],
     "ll_to": [
      108.95,
      34.27
     ],
     "year_text": "唐十部乐定制于贞观十六年（642）；《旧唐书》成书945年",
     "from": "康国",
     "from_id": "",
     "to": "京师(隋唐长安)",
     "to_id": "",
     "event": "胡旋舞",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "B",
      "source": "《旧唐书》卷二十九·音乐志二",
      "quote": "《康国乐》，工人皂丝布头巾，绯丝布袍，锦领。舞二人，绯袄，锦领袖，绿绫浑裆袴，赤皮靴，白袴帑。舞急转如风，俗谓之胡旋。",
      "plain": "《康国乐》，乐工戴黑丝布头巾，穿红丝布袍、锦领。舞者两人，穿红袄、锦领袖、绿绫的浑裆裤、红皮靴、白裤帑。舞蹈急速旋转如风，民间俗称「胡旋」。",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/史藏/正史/旧唐书.txt"
     },
     "topic": "silkroad",
     "note": "《通典》卷一四六有几乎相同的一段（「舞急转如风，俗谓之胡旋」），成书更早（801年）。",
     "rename": "官方名目叫《康国乐》，按来源国（康国，撒马尔罕）命名；民间按动作叫它「胡旋」，原文作「俗谓之胡旋」。今天通行的是「胡旋」。"
    }
   ],
   "name_en": "Sogdian whirl dance"
  },
  {
   "id": "huchuang",
   "name": "胡床与胡物",
   "name_alt": [
    "胡床",
    "胡坐",
    "胡帐",
    "胡空侯",
    "胡饭"
   ],
   "kind": "器用",
   "topics": [
    "silkroad"
   ],
   "flow": [
    {
     "dir": "east",
     "year": 168,
     "ll_from": [
      66.9,
      36.76
     ],
     "ll_to": [
      112.45,
      34.62
     ],
     "year_text": "灵帝时（168—189）；《续汉书·五行志》，司马彪撰，约3世纪末",
     "from": "大月氏",
     "from_id": "",
     "to": "洛阳",
     "to_id": "",
     "event": "胡床、胡服、胡饭（一整套胡物）",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "B",
      "source": "《后汉书》志第十三·五行一（司马彪《续汉书》志）",
      "quote": "灵帝好胡服﹑胡帐﹑胡黙﹑胡坐﹑胡饭﹑胡空侯﹑胡笛﹑胡舞，京都贵戚皆竞为之。此服妖也。",
      "plain": "汉灵帝喜好胡服、胡帐、胡床、胡坐、胡饭、胡箜篌、胡笛、胡舞，京城里的贵戚都争相仿效。这是「服妖」。",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/史藏/正史/后汉书.txt"
     },
     "topic": "silkroad",
     "note": "底本此处「床」讹作「黙」（全书同讹 37 处，如「卧黙上」「踞黙」），引文照底本录；通行本读作「灵帝好胡服、胡帐、胡床、胡坐、胡饭、胡箜篌、胡笛、胡舞」。「胡空侯」即「胡箜篌」。",
     "_log": "重要：殆知阁本此处「床」讹作「黙」（该本全书共37处同讹，如「卧黙上」「踞黙」），「胡空侯」即「胡箜篌」。引文照录底本以保证可校，通行本读作「灵帝好胡服、胡帐、胡床、胡坐、胡饭、胡箜篌、胡笛、胡舞」。",
     "rename": "八样东西都冠一个「胡」字。此后外来物多照这样起名：胡桃、胡麻、胡瓜、胡荽、胡椒……"
    }
   ],
   "name_en": "Folding stool and 'barbarian' goods"
  },
  {
   "id": "fojing",
   "name": "浮屠经",
   "name_alt": [
    "浮屠",
    "浮图",
    "佛"
   ],
   "kind": "信仰",
   "topics": [
    "silkroad"
   ],
   "flow": [
    {
     "dir": "east",
     "year": -2,
     "ll_from": [
      66.9,
      36.76
     ],
     "ll_to": [
      108.95,
      34.27
     ],
     "year_text": "汉哀帝元寿元年（前2年）；《魏略》约成书于3世纪中",
     "from": "大月氏",
     "from_id": "",
     "to": "长安",
     "to_id": "",
     "event": "佛教（浮屠经）",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "B",
      "source": "《三国志》卷三十·魏书·乌丸鲜卑东夷传裴松之注引鱼豢《魏略·西戎传》",
      "quote": "昔汉哀帝元夀元年博士弟子景卢受大月氐王使伊存口受浮屠经",
      "plain": "从前汉哀帝元寿元年，博士弟子景卢接受大月氏王的使者伊存口头传授浮屠经。",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/史藏/正史/三国志.txt"
     },
     "topic": "silkroad",
     "note": "底本作「元夀」（寿的异体）、「大月氐」（氏之讹），引文照录。《魏略》成书于 3 世纪中，所记为前 2 年事，相隔约 260 年，属追记；这仍是汉文里佛经东传最早的一条记载，学界多采信。",
     "rename": "「浮屠／浮图」是 buddha 经中亚语转手的音译，后来才缩成一个「佛」字；同一段里「临蒲塞」「桑门」「比丘」也都是音译，注明「皆弟子号也」。"
    }
   ],
   "name_en": "Buddhist scriptures"
  },
  {
   "id": "foxiang",
   "name": "佛像",
   "name_alt": [
    "金人",
    "佛"
   ],
   "kind": "信仰",
   "topics": [
    "silkroad"
   ],
   "flow": [
    {
     "dir": "east",
     "year": 67,
     "ll_from": [
      85.14,
      25.6
     ],
     "ll_to": [
      112.45,
      34.62
     ],
     "year_text": "传为永平年间（58—75）；《后汉书》成书445年",
     "from": "天竺",
     "from_id": "",
     "to": "洛阳",
     "to_id": "",
     "event": "佛像（明帝梦金人）",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "C",
      "source": "《后汉书》卷八十八·西域传·天竺",
      "quote": "世传明帝梦见金人，长大，顶有光明，以问髃臣。或曰：“西方有神，名曰佛，其形长丈六尺而黄金色。”帝于是遣使天竺问佛道法，遂于中国图画形像焉。",
      "plain": "世上相传明帝梦见一个金人，高大，头顶有光明，拿这事问群臣。有人说：「西方有神，名叫佛，他的形体高一丈六尺，是黄金色的。」明帝于是派使者到天竺去问佛道之法，于是在中国画出了佛的形像。",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/史藏/正史/后汉书.txt"
     },
     "topic": "silkroad",
     "note": "范晔以「世传」二字开头，本人即不担保。此说最早见于《四十二章经序》《牟子理惑论》，年代都有争议，学界多以为出自东汉末至魏晋的佛教徒，定为 C 级。",
     "rename": "「金人」是按梦中所见外形起的名，臣下答以音译名「佛」。"
    }
   ],
   "name_en": "Buddhist images"
  },
  {
   "id": "tang",
   "name": "熬糖法",
   "name_alt": [
    "石蜜",
    "沙糖",
    "糖霜"
   ],
   "kind": "技艺",
   "topics": [
    "silkroad"
   ],
   "flow": [
    {
     "dir": "east",
     "year": 647,
     "ll_from": [
      85.14,
      25.6
     ],
     "ll_to": [
      119.42,
      32.39
     ],
     "year_text": "贞观二十一年（647）",
     "from": "摩揭陀",
     "from_id": "",
     "to": "扬州",
     "to_id": "guangling",
     "event": "熬糖法（砂糖）",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "B",
      "source": "《新唐书》卷二百二十一上·西域传上·摩揭它",
      "quote": "贞观二十一年，始遣使者自通于天子，献波罗树，树类白杨。太宗遣使取熬糖法，即诏扬州上诸蔗，拃沈如其剂，色味愈西域远甚。",
      "plain": "贞观二十一年，摩揭陀国才开始派使者直接通于天子，献上波罗树，树像白杨。太宗派使者去取熬糖的方法，随即下诏让扬州进贡各种甘蔗，按他们的配方压榨澄清，做出来的糖色泽和味道远远胜过西域的。",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/史藏/正史/新唐书.txt"
     },
     "topic": "silkroad",
     "note": "「拃沈」即榨汁澄清；此段《新唐书》成书 1060 年，记 647 年事。《唐会要》《册府元龟》有年代更近的同源记载，原文未见。",
     "rename": "唐以前汉文称蔗制品为「石蜜」（按形态命名，像石头的蜜），这条之后才逐渐分出「沙糖」「糖霜」。"
    }
   ],
   "name_en": "Sugar refining"
  },
  {
   "id": "ruxiang",
   "name": "乳香",
   "name_alt": [
    "薰陆",
    "乳头香"
   ],
   "kind": "香料",
   "topics": [
    "silkroad",
    "kunyu"
   ],
   "flow": [
    {
     "dir": "east",
     "year": 1130,
     "ll_from": [
      44.4,
      32.03
     ],
     "ll_to": [
      118.6,
      24.87
     ],
     "year_text": "建炎四年（1130）泉州抽买乳香八万六千余斤",
     "from": "大食",
     "from_id": "",
     "to": "泉州",
     "to_id": "",
     "event": "乳香",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "B",
      "source": "《宋史》卷一百八十五·食货志下七·香",
      "quote": "宋之经费，茶、盐、矾之外，惟香之为利博，故以官为市焉。",
      "plain": "宋朝的经费来源，除茶、盐、明矾之外，只有香的利润最厚，所以由官府专营收售。",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/史藏/正史/宋史.txt"
     },
     "topic": "silkroad",
     "note": "同志另记「大食蕃客啰辛贩乳香直三十万缗」（绍兴六年，1136），是汉文中罕见的具名阿拉伯商人；「泥和金粉、乳香为之」见《宋史》卷一百四·礼志七·封禅。",
     "rename": "阿拉伯语 lubān 一系的音译在汉文里没有留下来。树脂凝成乳头状，故曰「乳香」「乳头香」；旧名「薰陆」（音译）后来少用。"
    }
   ],
   "cites": [
    {
     "topic": "kunyu",
     "label": "乳香",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "A",
      "source": "《坤舆万国全图》题识·曷剌比亞（阿拉伯）（利玛窦，1602 北京刻本；狩野文库彩绘本对校）",
      "quote": "乳香產于此地，其樹甚小，他處則無。又產一藥名乜尔剌，塗尸不敗。",
      "plain": "乳香出在这里，那树很矮小，别处没有。又出一种药叫乜尔剌，涂在尸体上不腐。"
     }
    }
   ],
   "name_en": "Frankincense"
  },
  {
   "id": "huyueqi",
   "name": "胡乐器",
   "name_alt": [
    "摩诃兜勒",
    "鼓吹",
    "胡笛",
    "箜篌"
   ],
   "kind": "乐舞",
   "topics": [
    "silkroad"
   ],
   "flow": [
    {
     "dir": "east",
     "year": -119,
     "ll_from": [
      66.9,
      36.76
     ],
     "ll_to": [
      108.95,
      34.27
     ],
     "year_text": "托为张骞通西域时（前119前后）；实出晋人崔豹《古今注》，《通典》成书801年",
     "from": "大月氏",
     "from_id": "",
     "to": "长安",
     "to_id": "",
     "event": "摩诃兜勒曲与胡乐器（附会之说）",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "D",
      "source": "《通典》卷一百九十七·边防十三·北狄四·序略（引前人论）",
      "quote": "张骞使西域，得摩诃兜勒曲，汉武采之以为鼓吹。东汉魏晋，乐则胡笛箜篌，御则胡床，食则羌炙、貊炙，器则蛮盘，祠则胡天。",
      "plain": "张骞出使西域，得到《摩诃兜勒》这支曲子，汉武帝采用它编成鼓吹乐。东汉魏晋以来，音乐用胡笛箜篌，坐具用胡床，饮食用羌炙、貊炙，器皿用蛮盘，祭祀用胡天（祆神）。",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/史藏/政书/通典.txt"
     },
     "topic": "silkroad",
     "note": "张骞得《摩诃兜勒》之说不见于《史记》《汉书》，最早见于晋崔豹《古今注》，距事三百余年，且《史记·大宛列传》通篇未言张骞带回任何乐曲。这段只能当作晋唐人追述丝路的材料，不能当作前 2 世纪的事实。",
     "rename": "「摩诃兜勒」是音译（摩诃 mahā「大」是可靠的，兜勒所指众说纷纭）；采作「鼓吹」之后，曲名不再见，只留下「鼓吹」这个乐种名。"
    }
   ],
   "name_en": "Western Regions instruments"
  },
  {
   "id": "shiliu",
   "name": "安石榴",
   "name_alt": [
    "涂林"
   ],
   "kind": "作物",
   "topics": [
    "silkroad"
   ],
   "flow": [
    {
     "dir": "east",
     "year": -119,
     "ll_from": [
      71.0,
      40.5
     ],
     "ll_to": [
      108.95,
      34.27
     ],
     "year_text": "托为张骞使西域（前119前后）；此说最早的可核文本是6世纪的《齐民要术》所引",
     "from": "大宛",
     "from_id": "",
     "to": "长安",
     "to_id": "",
     "event": "安石榴、胡桃、蒲桃（传张骞带回）",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "D",
      "source": "《齐民要术》卷十·五谷果蓏菜茹非中国物产者（引《博物志》）",
      "quote": "《博物志》曰：“张骞使西域还，得安石榴、胡桃、蒲桃。”",
      "plain": "《博物志》说：「张骞出使西域回来，得到安石榴、胡桃、蒲桃。」",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/子藏/农家/齐民要术.txt"
     },
     "topic": "silkroad",
     "note": "张骞带回之说不可信：①《史记》《汉书》全文无「胡桃」「石榴」「胡荽」「大蒜」「胡麻」任何一字；②今本《博物志》此条不存，仅卷六「物名考」有「张骞使西域还乃得胡桃种」九字，而四库馆臣在提要中已断定今本《博物志》「或原书亡佚，好事者掇取诸书所引博物志而杂采他小说以足之……不尽华之原文也」；③《齐民要术》所引数条彼此矛盾：卷三「种蒜第十九」引《博物志》作「张骞使西域，得大蒜、胡荽」，卷十又引作「张骞使西域还，得安石榴、胡桃、蒲桃」，同书引同一部书而物种不同；同卷四「安石榴第四十一」另引陆机曰「张骞为汉使外国十八年，得涂林。涂林，安石榴也」。此说定型于魏晋南北朝，距张骞六百年。",
     "rename": "「安石榴」被当时人解作「安国、石国之榴」（按产地拆字）；更早的《齐民要术》引陆机作「得涂林。涂林，安石榴也」。「涂林」是音译（一般溯至中古伊朗语 *dārim／梵语 dāḍima），「安石榴」是后起、用汉字重新解释过的名，后来通行的是「安石榴」。胡桃在晋以后一度避石勒讳改称「羌桃」。"
    }
   ],
   "name_en": "Pomegranate"
  },
  {
   "id": "huma",
   "name": "胡麻",
   "name_alt": [
    "巨胜",
    "乌麻",
    "狗虱",
    "胜茄",
    "芝麻"
   ],
   "kind": "作物",
   "topics": [
    "silkroad"
   ],
   "flow": [
    {
     "dir": "east",
     "year": -119,
     "ll_from": [
      65.0,
      38.0
     ],
     "ll_to": [
      108.95,
      34.27
     ],
     "year_text": "托为张骞使西域；《齐民要术》约成书533—544年",
     "from": "西域",
     "from_id": "",
     "to": "长安",
     "to_id": "",
     "event": "胡麻（传张骞带回）",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "D",
      "source": "《齐民要术》卷二·胡麻第十三",
      "quote": "《汉书》，张骞外国得胡麻。今俗人咱为“乌麻”者，非也。",
      "plain": "《汉书》（说），张骞从外国得到胡麻。如今一般人把它叫作「乌麻」，是不对的。",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/子藏/农家/齐民要术.txt"
     },
     "topic": "silkroad",
     "note": "今本《汉书》全文没有「胡麻」二字，《史记》亦然。贾思勰所据的「《汉书》」或系误记，或引自已佚的纬书杂说。同卷另有《本草经》「张骞使外国，得胡豆」，亦不见于任何汉代文献，同属附会。",
     "rename": "贾思勰不认民间的「乌麻」一名；另有《广雅》的「狗虱」「胜茄」、《本草经》的「巨胜」「鸿藏」，加上「胡麻」，6 世纪同一样东西至少有六个名字。「芝麻」一名通行要到宋以后。"
    }
   ],
   "name_en": "Sesame"
  },
  {
   "id": "hutao",
   "name": "胡桃",
   "name_alt": [
    "羌桃",
    "核桃"
   ],
   "kind": "作物",
   "topics": [
    "silkroad"
   ],
   "flow": [
    {
     "dir": "east",
     "year": -119,
     "ll_from": [
      65.0,
      38.0
     ],
     "ll_to": [
      108.95,
      34.27
     ],
     "year_text": "托为张骞使西域；今本《博物志》为后人辑佚，非晋张华原书",
     "from": "西域",
     "from_id": "",
     "to": "长安",
     "to_id": "",
     "event": "胡桃（今本《博物志》仅存九字）",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "D",
      "source": "《博物志》卷六·物名考（四库本）",
      "quote": "张骞使西域还乃得胡桃种",
      "plain": "张骞出使西域回来，才得到胡桃的种子。",
      "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/子藏/笔记/博物志.txt"
     },
     "topic": "silkroad",
     "note": "理由见「安石榴」条。今本《博物志》此条仅九字，四库提要明言今本系后人杂采辑成，「不尽华之原文也」；《齐民要术》所引《博物志》作「张骞使西域还，得安石榴、胡桃、蒲桃」，与今本这九字不同。「羌桃」避讳说出于《齐民要术》以外的后世笔记，原文未见，不作断言。",
     "rename": "「胡桃」用「胡」字标外来；晋以后为避后赵石勒之讳（石勒禁称「胡」）一度改称「羌桃」；今名「核桃」按形状起名。"
    }
   ],
   "name_en": "Walnut"
  },
  {
   "id": "laopen",
   "name": "牢盆",
   "kind": "器用",
   "plate": "laopen",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷上·作咸第五·海水盐",
    "quote": "其盆周阔数丈，径亦丈许。用铁者以铁打成叶片，铁钉栓合，其底平如盂，其四周高尺二寸，其合缝处一以卤汁结塞，永无隙漏。",
    "plain": "这种盆周长几丈，直径也有一丈左右。用铁做的，是把铁打成片，用铁钉拴合起来，盆底平得像个盂，四周高一尺二寸，合缝的地方全靠卤汁凝结堵住，从不渗漏。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "作咸第五",
   "name_alt": [
    "煎盐锅"
   ],
   "name_en": "Salt-boiling pan"
  },
  {
   "id": "chaozhong",
   "name": "朝钟",
   "kind": "器用",
   "plate": "zhong",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷中·冶铸第八·钟",
    "quote": "成器亦重二万斤，身高一丈一尺五寸，双龙蒲牢高二尺七寸，口径八尺，则今朝钟之制也。",
    "plain": "铸成的钟重二万斤，钟身高一丈一尺五寸，顶上双龙蒲牢高二尺七寸，钟口直径八尺，这就是现在朝钟的形制。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "冶铸第八",
   "name_alt": [
    "北极朝钟"
   ],
   "name_en": "Court bell"
  },
  {
   "id": "caofang",
   "name": "漕舫",
   "kind": "器用",
   "plate": "caofang",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷中·舟车第九·漕舫",
    "quote": "凡船制底为地，枋为宫墙，阴阳竹为覆瓦。……桅为弓弩，弦、篷为翼，橹为车马，……舵为指挥主帅，锚为扎车营寨。",
    "plain": "船的形制：底是地，枋是墙，阴阳竹是屋瓦。……桅是弓弩，弦和篷是翅膀，橹是车马，……舵是指挥的主帅，锚是扎营的车阵。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "舟车第九",
   "name_alt": [
    "粮船",
    "平底浅船"
   ],
   "name_en": "Grain-transport barge"
  },
  {
   "id": "bangzhu",
   "name": "蚌与珠",
   "kind": "玉石",
   "plate": "bangzhu",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷下·珠玉第十八·珠",
    "quote": "凡蚌孕珠，即千仞水底，一逢圆月中天，即开甲仰照，取月精以成其魄。",
    "plain": "蚌孕珠，即便在千仞深的水底，一遇圆月当空，就张开壳仰着照，取月的精华来成就珠的魄。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "珠玉第十八",
   "name_alt": [
    "珍珠"
   ],
   "name_en": "Pearl mussels and pearls"
  },
  {
   "id": "dao",
   "name": "稻",
   "kind": "作物",
   "plate": "dao",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷上·乃粒第一·稻",
    "quote": "凡稻谷形有长芒、短芒、……长粒、尖粒、圆顶、扁圆面不一，其中米色有雪白、牙黄、大赤、半紫、杂黑不一。",
    "plain": "稻谷的形状有长芒的、短芒的，……有长粒、尖粒、圆顶、扁圆面的，各不相同；其中米色有雪白、牙黄、大赤、半紫、杂黑的，也各不相同。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "乃粒第一",
   "name_alt": [
    "秔",
    "粳",
    "糯"
   ],
   "name_en": "Rice"
  },
  {
   "id": "xiaomai",
   "name": "小麦",
   "kind": "作物",
   "plate": "mai",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷上·乃粒第一·麦",
    "quote": "民粒食，小麦居半，而黍、稷、稻、粱仅居半。",
    "plain": "百姓吃的粮食里，小麦占一半，黍、稷、稻、粱合起来才占一半。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "乃粒第一",
   "name_alt": [
    "来"
   ],
   "name_en": "Wheat"
  },
  {
   "id": "jian",
   "name": "箭",
   "kind": "器用",
   "plate": "jian",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷下·佳兵第十五·孤矢",
    "quote": "竿长二尺，簇长一寸，其大端也。",
    "plain": "箭杆长二尺，箭头长一寸，这是大概。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "佳兵第十五",
   "name_alt": [
    "箭竿",
    "矢"
   ],
   "name_en": "Arrow"
  },
  {
   "id": "yushi",
   "name": "玉",
   "kind": "玉石",
   "plate": "yu",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷下·珠玉第十八·玉",
    "quote": "凡璞藏玉，其外者曰玉皮，取为砚托之类，其值无几。",
    "plain": "璞里藏着玉，外面那一层叫玉皮，拿来做砚托之类，值不了几个钱。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "珠玉第十八",
   "name_alt": [
    "玉璞",
    "玉皮"
   ],
   "name_en": "Jade"
  },
  {
   "id": "niu",
   "name": "牛",
   "kind": "畜类",
   "plate": "niu",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷上·乃粒第一·稻工",
    "quote": "凡牛，中国惟水、黄两种。水牛力倍于黄。",
    "plain": "牛，中国只有水牛、黄牛两种。水牛的力气是黄牛的一倍。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "乃粒第一",
   "name_alt": [
    "水牛",
    "黄牛"
   ],
   "name_en": "Cattle"
  },
  {
   "id": "mianyang",
   "name": "绵羊",
   "kind": "畜类",
   "plate": "mianyang",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷上·乃服第二·褐、毡",
    "quote": "凡绵羊有二种，一曰蓑衣羊，剪其毳为毡、为绒片，帽袜遍天下，胥此出焉。",
    "plain": "绵羊有两种，一种叫蓑衣羊，剪它的细毛做毡、做绒片，天下的帽子袜子都出自这里。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "乃服第二",
   "name_alt": [
    "蓑衣羊"
   ],
   "name_en": "Sheep"
  },
  {
   "id": "shanyang",
   "name": "山羊",
   "kind": "畜类",
   "plate": "shanyang",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷上·乃服第二·褐、毡",
    "quote": "外毛不甚蓑长，内毳细软，取织绒褐，秦人名曰山羊，以别于绵羊。",
    "plain": "外面的毛不太长，里面的细毛柔软，拿来织绒褐，陕西人叫它山羊，用来跟绵羊分别。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "乃服第二",
   "name_alt": [
    "矞芳羊",
    "兰绒"
   ],
   "name_en": "Goat"
  },
  {
   "id": "jiuqu",
   "name": "曲",
   "kind": "食货",
   "plate": "qu",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷下·曲蘖第十七·神曲",
    "quote": "造者专用白面，每百斤入青蒿自然汁、马蓼、苍耳自然汁相和作饼，麻叶或楮叶包罨如造酱黄法。",
    "plain": "做的人专用白面，每一百斤掺进青蒿原汁、马蓼和苍耳的原汁，和匀做成饼，用麻叶或楮叶裹起来闷着，像做酱黄的法子。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "曲蘖第十七",
   "name_alt": [
    "神曲",
    "丹曲",
    "酒母"
   ],
   "name_en": "Fermentation starter (qu)"
  },
  {
   "id": "mianbu",
   "name": "布",
   "kind": "织物",
   "plate": "bu",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷上·乃服第二·布衣",
    "quote": "凡棉布寸土皆有，而织造尚松江，浆染尚芜湖。",
    "plain": "棉布哪一寸土地都有，可是论织造还数松江，论浆染还数芜湖。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "乃服第二",
   "name_alt": [
    "棉布"
   ],
   "name_en": "Cloth"
  },
  {
   "id": "che",
   "name": "车",
   "kind": "器用",
   "plate": "che",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷中·舟车第九·车",
    "quote": "辐计三十片，其内插毂，其外接辅。",
    "plain": "车辐一共三十片，里头插进车毂，外头接住车辅。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "舟车第九",
   "name_alt": [
    "大车",
    "骡车"
   ],
   "name_en": "Cart"
  },
  {
   "id": "duyuan",
   "name": "独辕车",
   "kind": "器用",
   "plate": "duyuan",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷中·舟车第九·车",
    "quote": "又北方独辕车，人推其后，驴曳其前……鞠席其上以蔽风日。人必两旁对坐，否则欹倒。",
    "plain": "北方还有独辕车，人在后面推，驴在前面拉……上面支一张弯席子挡风遮日。人必得两边对坐，不然就要翻。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "舟车第九",
   "name_en": "Single-shaft cart"
  },
  {
   "id": "tiejian",
   "name": "铁剪",
   "kind": "器用",
   "plate": "tiejian",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷上·乃服第二·桑叶",
    "quote": "凡取叶必用剪，铁剪出嘉郡桐乡者最犀利，他乡未得其利。",
    "plain": "采桑叶一定要用剪子，铁剪数嘉兴府桐乡出的最锋利，别处的比不上。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "乃服第二",
   "name_en": "Iron shears"
  },
  {
   "id": "fengfan",
   "name": "风帆水车",
   "kind": "器用",
   "plate": "fengfan",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷上·乃粒第一·水利",
    "quote": "扬郡以风帆数扇，俟风转车，风息则止。",
    "plain": "扬州一带用几扇风帆，等风来转动水车，风停了就停。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "乃粒第一",
   "name_alt": [
    "龙骨车"
   ],
   "name_en": "Sail and water wheel"
  },
  {
   "id": "zazhou",
   "name": "杂舟",
   "kind": "器用",
   "plate": "zazhou",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷中·舟车第九·舟",
    "quote": "凡舟古名百千，今名亦百千……粗载数舟制度，其余可例推云。",
    "plain": "船的名字古来有千百个，如今也有千百个……这里粗略记几种船的制度，其余可以照此类推。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "舟车第九",
   "name_alt": [
    "浪船",
    "课船",
    "塘船",
    "八橹船"
   ],
   "name_en": "River boats"
  },
  {
   "id": "haizhou",
   "name": "海舟",
   "kind": "器用",
   "plate": "haizhou",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷中·舟车第九·海舟",
    "quote": "凡遮洋运船制，视漕船长一丈六尺，阔二尺五寸，器具皆同",
    "plain": "遮洋运船的形制，比漕船长一丈六尺、宽二尺五寸，器具都一样",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "舟车第九",
   "name_alt": [
    "遮洋浅船",
    "钻风船",
    "海鳅"
   ],
   "name_en": "Seagoing ship"
  },
  {
   "id": "gong",
   "name": "弓",
   "kind": "器用",
   "plate": "gong",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷下·佳兵第十五·孤矢",
    "quote": "中腰微亚小，两头差大，约长二尺许。……胶外固以桦皮，名曰暖靶。",
    "plain": "中腰略小一点，两头稍大一点，大约长二尺上下。……胶外面再裹一层桦皮，叫作暖靶。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "佳兵第十五",
   "name_alt": [
    "弓干",
    "暖靶"
   ],
   "name_en": "Bow"
  },
  {
   "id": "baoshi",
   "name": "宝石",
   "kind": "玉石",
   "plate": "baoshi",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong",
    "kunyu"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷下·珠玉第十八·宝",
    "quote": "凡宝石自大至小，皆有石床包其外，如玉之有璞。",
    "plain": "宝石从大到小，外面都有一层石床包着，就像玉外面有璞一样。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "珠玉第十八",
   "name_alt": [
    "玛瑙",
    "水晶",
    "火齐",
    "金刚石"
   ],
   "cites": [
    {
     "topic": "kunyu",
     "label": "玉石、金刚石",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "A",
      "source": "《坤舆万国全图》题识·巴尔齊亞（波斯）（利玛窦，1602 北京刻本；狩野文库彩绘本对校）",
      "quote": "地產各色玉石、金剛石、鴉青石。",
      "plain": "这里出各色玉石、金刚石、鸦青石。"
     }
    }
   ],
   "name_en": "Gemstones"
  },
  {
   "id": "diao",
   "name": "貂",
   "kind": "畜类",
   "plate": "diao",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong",
    "kunyu"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷上·乃服第二·裘",
    "quote": "一貂之皮方不盈尺，积六十余貂仅成一裘。",
    "plain": "一只貂的皮见方不满一尺，攒六十多只貂才够做一件裘。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "乃服第二",
   "name_alt": [
    "银貂",
    "貂鼠"
   ],
   "cites": [
    {
     "topic": "kunyu",
     "label": "貂鼠",
     "cite": {
      "grade": "A",
      "source": "《坤舆万国全图》题识·嫗厥律（北亚）（利玛窦，1602 北京刻本；狩野文库彩绘本对校）",
      "quote": "地嚴寒，水出大魚，又多黑、白、黃貂鼠，其人最勇。",
      "plain": "地方严寒，水里出大鱼，又多黑、白、黄三色的貂鼠，当地人最勇猛。"
     }
    }
   ],
   "name_en": "Sable"
  },
  {
   "id": "dou",
   "name": "豆",
   "kind": "作物",
   "plate": "dou",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷上·乃粒第一·菽",
    "quote": "一种大豆，有黑、黄两色，下种不出清明前后。",
    "plain": "有一种大豆，分黑、黄两色，下种不出清明前后。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "乃粒第一",
   "name_alt": [
    "大豆",
    "黑豆",
    "高脚黄"
   ],
   "name_en": "Beans"
  },
  {
   "id": "zha",
   "name": "榨",
   "kind": "器用",
   "plate": "zha",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷中·膏液第十二·法具",
    "quote": "凡榨木巨者围必合抱，而中空之。",
    "plain": "做榨的木头，大的一定要一抱粗，把中间掏空。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "膏液第十二",
   "name_alt": [
    "合抱木"
   ],
   "name_en": "Oil press"
  },
  {
   "id": "mei",
   "name": "煤",
   "kind": "食货",
   "plate": "mei",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷中·燔石第十一·煤炭",
    "quote": "明煤大块如斗许，燕、齐、秦、晋生之。",
    "plain": "明煤一大块有一斗那么大，河北、山东、陕西、山西出产。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "燔石第十一",
   "name_alt": [
    "明煤",
    "碎煤",
    "末煤",
    "自来风"
   ],
   "name_en": "Coal"
  },
  {
   "id": "qian",
   "name": "钱",
   "kind": "器用",
   "plate": "qian",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷中·冶铸第八·钱",
    "quote": "凡铸铜为钱以利民用，一面刊国号通宝四字，工部分司主之。",
    "plain": "铸铜做钱供百姓用，一面刻上国号加「通宝」四个字，由工部分司主管。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "冶铸第八",
   "name_alt": [
    "通宝",
    "金背钱",
    "火漆钱"
   ],
   "name_en": "Coins"
  },
  {
   "id": "gang",
   "name": "缸",
   "kind": "陶瓷",
   "plate": "gang",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷中·陶埏第七·罂瓮",
    "quote": "大者缸瓮，中者钵孟，小者瓶罐，款制各从方土，悉数之不能。",
    "plain": "大的是缸瓮，中的是钵盂，小的是瓶罐，样式各随各地，数也数不完。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "陶埏第七",
   "name_alt": [
    "缸瓮",
    "龙凤缸",
    "花缸"
   ],
   "name_en": "Vat"
  },
  {
   "id": "dao2",
   "name": "刀",
   "kind": "器用",
   "plate": "dao2",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷中·锤锻第十·斤斧",
    "quote": "凡铁兵薄者为刀剑，背厚而面薄者为斧斤。刀剑绝美者以百炼钢包裹其外，其中仍用无钢铁为骨。",
    "plain": "铁兵器里薄的是刀剑，背厚面薄的是斧头。最好的刀剑用百炼钢裹在外面，里头仍用不带钢的铁做骨。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "锤锻第十",
   "name_alt": [
    "刀剑",
    "斧斤"
   ],
   "name_en": "Knife"
  },
  {
   "id": "zhan",
   "name": "毡",
   "kind": "织物",
   "plate": "zhan",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷上·乃服第二·褐、毡",
    "quote": "凡毡绒白黑为本色，其余皆染色。其氍俞、氆鲁等名称，皆华夷各方语所命。",
    "plain": "毡绒的本色是白的黑的，其余都是染的。氍俞、氆鲁这些名字，都是各地汉语外语给起的。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "乃服第二",
   "name_alt": [
    "氍俞",
    "氆鲁"
   ],
   "name_en": "Felt"
  },
  {
   "id": "lifang",
   "name": "蛎房",
   "kind": "食货",
   "plate": "lifang",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷中·燔石第十一·蛎灰",
    "quote": "凡海滨石山傍水处，咸浪积压，生出蛎房，闽中曰蚝房。经年久者长成数丈，阔则数亩，崎岖如石假山形象。",
    "plain": "海边石山靠水的地方，咸浪一层层压上来，生出蛎房，福建叫蚝房。年头久的长成几丈高、几亩宽，崎岖得像座石假山。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "燔石第十一",
   "name_alt": [
    "蚝房",
    "蛎黄",
    "蛎灰"
   ],
   "name_en": "Oyster beds"
  },
  {
   "id": "jilu",
   "name": "汲卤竹筒",
   "kind": "器用",
   "plate": "jilu",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷上·作咸第五·井盐",
    "quote": "择美竹长丈者，凿净其中节，留底不去。其喉下安消息，吸水入筒",
    "plain": "挑一丈长的好竹子，把中间的节凿通，底下那一节留着不去。喉口下面装一个活门，把卤水吸进筒里",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "作咸第五",
   "name_alt": [
    "消息"
   ],
   "name_en": "Bamboo brine tube"
  },
  {
   "id": "zhuan",
   "name": "砖",
   "kind": "陶瓷",
   "plate": "zhuan",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷中·陶埏第七·砖",
    "quote": "有眠砖、侧砖两色。眠砖方长条，砌城郭与民人饶富家，不惜工费直垒而上。",
    "plain": "有眠砖、侧砖两种。眠砖是方的长条，砌城墙和有钱人家的房子，不惜工费一直垒上去。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "陶埏第七",
   "name_alt": [
    "眠砖",
    "侧砖",
    "方墁砖",
    "刀砖"
   ],
   "name_en": "Brick"
  },
  {
   "id": "pao",
   "name": "炮",
   "kind": "器用",
   "plate": "pao",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷中·冶铸第八·炮",
    "quote": "凡铸炮，西洋、红夷、佛郎机等用熟铜造，信炮、短提铳等用生熟铜兼半造",
    "plain": "铸炮，西洋炮、红夷炮、佛郎机炮这些用熟铜造，信炮、短提铳这些用生铜熟铜各一半造",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "冶铸第八",
   "name_alt": [
    "红夷",
    "佛郎机",
    "大将军"
   ],
   "name_en": "Cannon"
  },
  {
   "id": "ding",
   "name": "鼎",
   "kind": "器用",
   "plate": "ding",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷中·冶铸第八·鼎",
    "quote": "而春秋时郜大鼎、莒二方鼎，皆其列国自造，即有刻画必失禹贡初旨。",
    "plain": "春秋时候的郜大鼎、莒二方鼎，都是各诸侯国自己造的，就算上面有刻画，也必定不合《禹贡》的本意了。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "冶铸第八",
   "name_alt": [
    "郜大鼎",
    "莒二方鼎"
   ],
   "name_en": "Tripod cauldron"
  },
  {
   "id": "mo",
   "name": "磨",
   "kind": "器用",
   "plate": "mo",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷上·粹精第四·攻麦",
    "quote": "凡磨大小无定形，大者用肥健力牛曳转，其牛曳磨时用桐壳掩眸，不然则眩晕。",
    "plain": "磨的大小没有定式，大的用肥壮的牛拉着转；牛拉磨的时候用桐壳把眼睛蒙上，不然会晕。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "粹精第四",
   "name_alt": [
    "水磨",
    "碾石"
   ],
   "name_en": "Millstone"
  },
  {
   "id": "landian",
   "name": "蓝淀",
   "kind": "作物",
   "plate": "landian",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷上·彰施第三·蓝淀",
    "quote": "凡蓝五种，皆可为淀。茶蓝即菘蓝，插根活；蓼蓝、马蓝、吴蓝等皆撒子生。",
    "plain": "蓝有五种，都能做淀。茶蓝就是菘蓝，插根就活；蓼蓝、马蓝、吴蓝这些都撒种子长。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "彰施第三",
   "name_alt": [
    "茶蓝",
    "菘蓝",
    "蓼蓝",
    "马蓝"
   ],
   "name_en": "Indigo"
  },
  {
   "id": "shu",
   "name": "黍",
   "kind": "作物",
   "plate": "shu",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷上·乃粒第一·黍稷、粱粟",
    "quote": "凡黍与稷同类，粱与粟同类。黍有粘有不粘",
    "plain": "黍和稷是一类，粱和粟是一类。黍有粘的也有不粘的",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "乃粒第一",
   "name_alt": [
    "稷",
    "粱",
    "粟",
    "秫"
   ],
   "name_en": "Broomcorn millet"
  },
  {
   "id": "mo2",
   "name": "墨",
   "kind": "器用",
   "plate": "mo2",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷下·丹青第十六·墨",
    "quote": "凡墨烧烟凝质而为之。取桐油、清油、猪油烟为者居十之一，取松烟为者居十之九。",
    "plain": "墨是烧出烟、把烟凝成块做的。用桐油、清油、猪油烟做的占十分之一，用松烟做的占十分之九。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "丹青第十六",
   "name_alt": [
    "松烟",
    "桐油烟"
   ],
   "name_en": "Ink"
  },
  {
   "id": "fu",
   "name": "釜",
   "kind": "器用",
   "plate": "fu",
   "topics": [
    "tiangong",
    "zhenghe"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《天工开物》卷中·冶铸第八·釜",
    "quote": "铸用生铁或废铸铁器为质。大小无定式，常用者径口二尺为率，厚约二分。",
    "plain": "铸釜用生铁，或者拿废铁器做料。大小没有定式，常用的以口径二尺为准，厚约二分。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E5%86%9C%E5%AE%B6/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%BC%80%E7%89%A9.txt"
   },
   "pian": "冶铸第八",
   "name_alt": [
    "锅"
   ],
   "name_en": "Cooking pot",
   "cites": [
    {
     "plate": "zh-ironpot",
     "cite": {
      "source_id": "CH07",
      "quote": "官買到磁器、鐵鍋人情物件",
      "plain": "官府买到的瓷器、铁锅等人情物件。",
      "source": "〔同时代文献〕《西洋番国志》卷首第三敕",
      "locator": "卷首第三敕·宣德五年五月初四日",
      "url": "https://www.shidianguji.com/zh/book/CADAL02052675/chapter/1me0c9rothu7q",
      "grade": "A"
     },
     "note": "这是一道出使准备中的支给命令，可以联系第七航的物资准备。它没有逐只铁锅的清单，也不证明这些铁锅都已在某港出售。",
     "depiction": {
      "label": "器类轮廓示意",
      "basis": "只用开口锅体说明文献中的铁锅物类；朱标标口沿，没有补柄、耳、支足或表面纹饰。",
      "limits": "圆腹与口沿不是测绘结果，不定具体锅型、铸造工艺或历史尺寸。"
     },
     "unresolved": "具体器形与对应存世实物未核定；“人情物件”的去向不能逐港落实。",
     "thing_id": "zh-ironpot",
     "topic": "zhenghe",
     "label": "铁锅"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "hupo",
   "name": "琥珀",
   "kind": "玉石",
   "plate": "hupo",
   "topics": [
    "kunyu"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《坤舆万国全图》题识·入尔馬泥海（波罗的海）（利玛窦，1602 北京刻本；狩野文库彩绘本对校）",
    "quote": "入尔馬泥海出琥珀，生石上，如石乳然，多在海濱。金色者為上，蠟次之，赤最下。",
    "plain": "入尔马泥海出琥珀，长在石头上，像石钟乳一样，多在海边。金色的最好，蜡色次之，红色最差。"
   },
   "name_en": "Amber"
  },
  {
   "id": "shengshu",
   "name": "铁岛圣树",
   "kind": "草木",
   "plate": "shengshu",
   "topics": [
    "kunyu"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《坤舆万国全图》题识·鐵島（加那利群岛之耶罗岛）（利玛窦，1602 北京刻本；狩野文库彩绘本对校）",
    "quote": "鐵島此島無水泉，惟一大樹，葉恒不落。每日沒即有雲抱之，日出即散。土人于樹根跑一池，雲降成水，人畜皆資焉。",
    "plain": "铁岛没有泉水，只有一棵大树，叶子常年不落。每到日落就有云把树抱住，日出才散。当地人在树根下刨了一个池子，云降下来变成水，人和牲口都靠它。"
   },
   "name_en": "Holy tree of El Hierro"
  },
  {
   "id": "yinyu",
   "name": "咽機那魚",
   "kind": "鸟兽",
   "plate": "yinyu",
   "topics": [
    "kunyu"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《坤舆万国全图》题识·米諾里葛（梅诺卡）一帶（利玛窦，1602 北京刻本；狩野文库彩绘本对校）",
    "quote": "此海有一種咽機那魚，長尺許，周身皆刺，而有大力，若貼船後，雖順風不能動。",
    "plain": "这片海有一种咽机那鱼，长一尺左右，浑身是刺，力气很大，要是贴在船尾，即使顺风船也走不动。",
    "note": "咽機那＝拉丁 echeneis，即鮣鱼；「令船不动」是普林尼以来的旧说。"
   },
   "name_alt": [
    "鮣"
   ],
   "name_en": "Yinjina fish"
  },
  {
   "id": "huoshan",
   "name": "火山",
   "kind": "山川",
   "plate": "huoshan",
   "topics": [
    "kunyu"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《坤舆万国全图》题识·西齊里亞（西西里岛）（利玛窦，1602 北京刻本；狩野文库彩绘本对校）",
    "quote": "此島有二山，一常出火，一常出烟，晝夜不絕。",
    "plain": "这个岛上有两座山，一座常年冒火，一座常年冒烟，日夜不停。",
    "note": "即埃特纳火山一带。"
   },
   "name_en": "Volcano"
  },
  {
   "id": "lingmao",
   "name": "灵猫",
   "kind": "鸟兽",
   "plate": "lingmao",
   "topics": [
    "kunyu"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《坤舆万国全图》题识·利未亞（非洲）（利玛窦，1602 北京刻本；狩野文库彩绘本对校）",
    "quote": "利未亞最多虎豹獅子禽獸之類，有一猫出汗極香，以石拭汗收香，歐邏巴多用之。",
    "plain": "利未亚虎、豹、狮子一类的禽兽最多。有一种猫出的汗极香，人拿石头拭它的汗来收香，欧逻巴多用这种香。",
    "note": "即灵猫香（civet），实为会阴腺的分泌物，题识作「汗」。"
   },
   "name_en": "Civet"
  },
  {
   "id": "tuoniao",
   "name": "鸵鸟",
   "kind": "鸟兽",
   "plate": "tuoniao",
   "topics": [
    "kunyu"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《坤舆万国全图》题识·大泥（今泰南北大年）（利玛窦，1602 北京刻本；狩野文库彩绘本对校）",
    "quote": "大泥出極大之鳥，名為尼蔞，有翅不能飛，其足如馬，行最速，馬不能及。羽可為盔纓之飾，卵厚大可為杯。孛露國尤多。",
    "plain": "大泥出一种极大的鸟，叫尼蒌，有翅膀却不能飞，脚像马，跑得最快，马都追不上。羽毛可以做盔缨的装饰，蛋壳又厚又大，可以做杯子。孛露国尤其多。",
    "note": "题识在大泥下，末句又说孛露国（秘鲁）尤多，所记兼及非洲鸵鸟与美洲鸵（rhea）。图左下为卵壳作杯。"
   },
   "name_alt": [
    "尼蔞"
   ],
   "name_en": "Ostrich"
  },
  {
   "id": "feilong",
   "name": "飞龙",
   "kind": "鸟兽",
   "plate": "feilong",
   "topics": [
    "kunyu"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《坤舆万国全图》题识·滿剌加（利玛窦，1602 北京刻本；狩野文库彩绘本对校）",
    "quote": "滿剌加地常有飛龍繞樹，龍身不過四五尺，人常射之。",
    "plain": "满剌加常有飞龙绕在树上，身长不过四五尺，人们常用箭射它。",
    "note": "今人以为即飞蜥（Draco）：肋骨撑开体侧皮膜，自树间滑翔。图据十九世纪飞蜥图谱描底，附于树干；朱落在翼膜。"
   },
   "name_en": "Flying dragon"
  },
  {
   "id": "shagu",
   "name": "沙姑米树",
   "kind": "草木",
   "plate": "shagu",
   "topics": [
    "kunyu"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《坤舆万国全图》题识·馬路古（摩鹿加）（利玛窦，1602 北京刻本；狩野文库彩绘本对校）",
    "quote": "此地無五谷，只出沙姑米樹，其皮生粉以為米。",
    "plain": "这地方不长五谷，只出沙姑米树，树皮里生粉，拿来当米。",
    "note": "沙姑＝马来语 sagu，即西谷椰；粉实出自茎髓，题识作「皮」。"
   },
   "name_en": "Sago palm"
  },
  {
   "id": "xiniu",
   "name": "额上有角之兽",
   "kind": "鸟兽",
   "plate": "xiniu",
   "topics": [
    "kunyu"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《坤舆万国全图》题识·馬拿莫大（利玛窦，1602 北京刻本；狩野文库彩绘本对校）",
    "quote": "馬拿莫大有獸，首似馬，額上有角，皮極厚，遍身皆鱗甲，足尾如牛，疑麟云。",
    "plain": "马拿莫大有一种兽，头像马，额上有角，皮极厚，浑身都是鳞甲，脚和尾巴像牛，疑是麟。",
    "note": "所记当是犀牛；题识自疑为麟。图据十九世纪犀牛石印本描底，皮上褶甲即题识所谓「鳞甲」，朱落在额角。"
   },
   "name_en": "Rhinoceros"
  },
  {
   "id": "yeniu",
   "name": "野牛",
   "kind": "畜类",
   "plate": "yeniu",
   "topics": [
    "kunyu"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《坤舆万国全图》题识·北亞墨利加（亞泥俺一帶）（利玛窦，1602 北京刻本；狩野文库彩绘本对校）",
    "quote": "此地大曠，故多生野馬、山牛、羊，而其牛背上皆有肉鞍，形如駱駝。",
    "plain": "这地方广阔空旷，所以多生野马、山牛和羊；那里的牛背上都有一块肉鞍，形状像骆驼。",
    "note": "所记当为美洲野牛（bison）的肩峰。"
   },
   "name_en": "Wild ox (bison)"
  },
  {
   "id": "yumao",
   "name": "羽毛画",
   "kind": "器用",
   "plate": "yumao",
   "topics": [
    "kunyu"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《坤舆万国全图》题识·墨是可（墨西哥）（利玛窦，1602 北京刻本；狩野文库彩绘本对校）",
    "quote": "墨是可地產各色鳥羽，人輯以為畫，山水人物皆妙。",
    "plain": "墨是可出产各色鸟羽，当地人把羽毛拼起来作画，山水人物都很精妙。",
    "note": "即阿兹特克羽毛镶嵌画（amantecayotl）。题识只说以羽成画、所画山水人物，未说构图：图中以羽片排成山与水，只示其法。"
   },
   "name_en": "Featherwork"
  },
  {
   "id": "xiangzhi",
   "name": "巴尔娑摩香脂",
   "kind": "香料",
   "plate": "xiangzhi",
   "topics": [
    "kunyu"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《坤舆万国全图》题识·孛露（秘鲁）（利玛窦，1602 北京刻本；狩野文库彩绘本对校）",
    "quote": "產香名巴尔娑摩，樹上生油，以刀劃之油出，塗尸不敗。其刀所劃處，周十二時即如故。如德亞國亦有之。",
    "plain": "出一种香，叫巴尔娑摩，树上生油，用刀一划油就流出来，涂在尸体上不腐。刀划开的地方，过十二个时辰就长好如初。如德亚国也有。",
    "note": "巴尔娑摩＝balsamo，秘鲁香脂。"
   },
   "name_alt": [
    "巴尔娑摩"
   ],
   "name_en": "Balsam"
  },
  {
   "id": "shanhu",
   "name": "珊瑚树",
   "kind": "玉石",
   "plate": "shanhu",
   "topics": [
    "kunyu"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《坤舆万国全图》题识·珊瑚樹島（印度洋）（利玛窦，1602 北京刻本；狩野文库彩绘本对校）",
    "quote": "珊瑚樹生水底，色綠，質軟，生白子，以鐵網取之。",
    "plain": "珊瑚树长在水底，颜色是绿的，质地柔软，上面生白色的子，用铁网去捞取。",
    "note": "狩野本「鐵網」二字留空。所谓出水后见风即硬、色转红，题识未记，不画。"
   },
   "name_en": "Coral"
  },
  {
   "id": "fushu",
   "name": "负鼠",
   "kind": "鸟兽",
   "plate": "fushu",
   "topics": [
    "kunyu"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《坤舆万国全图》题识·南亞墨利加（金加西蠟一帶）（利玛窦，1602 北京刻本；狩野文库彩绘本对校）",
    "quote": "此地有獸，上半類狸，下半類猴，人足梟耳，腹下有皮可張可合，容其所產之子休息於中。",
    "plain": "这里有一种兽，上半身像狸，下半身像猴，脚像人，耳像猫头鹰，肚子下面有一层皮能张能合，让它生的崽子在里面歇息。",
    "note": "所记当为负鼠（opossum），腹下之皮即育儿袋。"
   },
   "name_en": "Opossum"
  },
  {
   "id": "taipingche",
   "name": "太平车",
   "kind": "器用",
   "plate": "taipingche",
   "topics": [
    "dongjing"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "孟元老《东京梦华录》卷三·般载杂卖",
    "quote": "东京般载车，大者曰“太平”，上有箱无盖，箱如构栏而平，板壁前出两木，长二三尺许",
    "plain": "东京搬运的车，大的叫「太平」，上面有车箱没有盖，车箱像栏杆围起来，是平的，箱板前面伸出两根木头，长二三尺左右。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%8F%B2%E8%97%8F/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%AC%E6%A2%A6%E5%8D%8E%E5%BD%95.txt"
   },
   "pian": "般载杂卖",
   "name_en": "Taiping cart"
  },
  {
   "id": "shaotong",
   "name": "梢桶",
   "kind": "器用",
   "plate": "shaotong",
   "topics": [
    "dongjing"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "孟元老《东京梦华录》卷三·般载杂卖",
    "quote": "梢桶如长水桶，面安靥口，每梢三斗许，一贯五百文",
    "plain": "梢桶像长的水桶，桶面上安一个靥口，每梢装三斗左右，值一贯五百文。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%8F%B2%E8%97%8F/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%AC%E6%A2%A6%E5%8D%8E%E5%BD%95.txt"
   },
   "pian": "般载杂卖",
   "name_en": "Wine barrel"
  },
  {
   "id": "guban",
   "name": "谷板",
   "kind": "节物",
   "plate": "guban",
   "topics": [
    "dongjing"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "孟元老《东京梦华录》卷八·七夕",
    "quote": "置小茅屋花木，作田舍家小人物，皆村落之态",
    "plain": "放上小茅屋和花木，做成种田人家的小人物，都是村落的样子。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%8F%B2%E8%97%8F/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%AC%E6%A2%A6%E5%8D%8E%E5%BD%95.txt"
   },
   "pian": "七夕",
   "name_en": "Millet board"
  },
  {
   "id": "shuishangfu",
   "name": "水上浮",
   "kind": "节物",
   "plate": "shuishangfu",
   "topics": [
    "dongjing"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "孟元老《东京梦华录》卷八·七夕",
    "quote": "彩画金缕，谓之“水上浮”",
    "plain": "彩绘金线，叫做「水上浮」。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%8F%B2%E8%97%8F/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%AC%E6%A2%A6%E5%8D%8E%E5%BD%95.txt"
   },
   "pian": "七夕",
   "name_en": "Floating wax figures"
  },
  {
   "id": "zhongsheng",
   "name": "种生",
   "kind": "节物",
   "plate": "zhongsheng",
   "topics": [
    "dongjing"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "孟元老《东京梦华录》卷八·七夕",
    "quote": "于磁器内以水浸之，生芽数寸，以红蓝彩楼束之，谓之“种生”",
    "plain": "放在瓷器里用水泡着，长出几寸长的芽，用红蓝彩楼束起来，叫做「种生」。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%8F%B2%E8%97%8F/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%AC%E6%A2%A6%E5%8D%8E%E5%BD%95.txt"
   },
   "pian": "七夕",
   "name_en": "Sprouted grain"
  },
  {
   "id": "mohele",
   "name": "磨喝乐",
   "kind": "节物",
   "plate": "mohele",
   "topics": [
    "dongjing"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "孟元老《东京梦华录》卷八·七夕",
    "quote": "皆卖磨喝乐，乃小塑土偶耳。悉以雕木彩装栏座，或用红纱碧笼",
    "plain": "都卖磨喝乐，就是小的泥塑偶人。都配上雕木彩装的栏座，或者用红纱碧纱的笼子罩着。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%8F%B2%E8%97%8F/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%AC%E6%A2%A6%E5%8D%8E%E5%BD%95.txt"
   },
   "pian": "七夕",
   "name_alt": [
    "摩罗"
   ],
   "name_en": "Mohele doll"
  },
  {
   "id": "paizi",
   "name": "牌子",
   "kind": "器用",
   "plate": "paizi",
   "topics": [
    "macolo"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "B",
    "source": "《马可波罗行纪》II.7（玉尔—考狄英译本卷一）",
    "quote": "the commander of 10,000 hath a tablet of gold, with a lion’s head on it",
    "plain": "万户有一块金牌，上面有狮子头。",
    "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10636"
   },
   "pian": "卷二第七章",
   "name_alt": [
    "金牌",
    "牌符"
   ],
   "name_en": "Paiza"
  },
  {
   "id": "chao",
   "name": "钞",
   "kind": "食货",
   "plate": "chao",
   "topics": [
    "macolo"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "B",
    "source": "《马可波罗行纪》II.24（玉尔—考狄英译本卷一；此段刺木学本独有）",
    "quote": "smears the Seal entrusted to him with vermilion, and impresses it on the paper, so that the form of the Seal remains printed upon it in red",
    "plain": "把交给他的印涂上朱砂，盖在纸上，印的样子就红红地留在上面。",
    "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10636"
   },
   "pian": "卷二第二十四章",
   "name_alt": [
    "中统元宝交钞",
    "纸钞"
   ],
   "name_en": "Paper money"
  },
  {
   "id": "paiban",
   "name": "拍板",
   "kind": "乐器",
   "plate": "paiban",
   "topics": [
    "nanqiangbeidiao"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《通典》卷一百四十四·乐四",
    "quote": "拍板，长阔如手，重十余枚，以韦连之，击以代抃。",
    "plain": "拍板，长宽如手，叠十余片，以皮韦连起来，敲击以代替拍手。",
    "url": "https://ctext.org/tongdian/144/zhs",
    "evidence_id": "O01"
   },
   "note": "十二片只示“十余枚”，不是固定十二片制。长阔仅有“如手”的比拟；板厚、韦带穿孔与比例未载，不画成制作图。",
   "pian": "唐代乐器记述"
  },
  {
   "id": "konghou-song",
   "name": "箜篌",
   "kind": "乐器",
   "plate": "konghou-song",
   "topics": [
    "nanqiangbeidiao"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "B",
    "source": "《东京梦华录》卷九·宰执亲王宗室百官入内上寿",
    "quote": "箜篌高三尺许，形如半边木梳，墨漆镂花金装画。\n下有台座，张二十五弦，一人跪而交擘之。",
    "plain": "箜篌高三尺左右，形状像半边木梳，涂墨漆，镂花并用金装饰。下面有台座，张二十五根弦，由一人跪着交手弹奏。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%8F%B2%E8%97%8F/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%AC%E6%A2%A6%E5%8D%8E%E5%BD%95.txt",
    "evidence_id": "O02"
   },
   "note": "据宫廷寿宴记载示意，不作为瓦舍乐队配置。二十五弦可核；梳形曲率、宽度及金装纹样未载，纹样留空。三尺许不换算现代长度。",
   "pian": "宋代宫廷寿宴·南宋追记"
  },
  {
   "id": "huobusi",
   "name": "火不思",
   "kind": "乐器",
   "plate": "huobusi",
   "topics": [
    "nanqiangbeidiao"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "B",
    "source": "《元史》卷七十一·礼乐五·宴乐之器",
    "quote": "火不思，制如琵琶，直颈，无品，有小槽，圆腹如半瓶榼，以皮为面，四弦，皮絣同一孤柱。",
    "plain": "火不思，形制像琵琶，直颈，没有品，有小槽，圆腹像半个瓶榼，以皮作面，四根弦，皮絣同一孤柱。",
    "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/元史/卷071",
    "evidence_id": "P35"
   },
   "note": "颈腹比例与柱的具体形状未载；只示圆腹、直颈、四弦与孤柱，不加音孔、品位或纹样。",
   "pian": "元代宴乐记载"
  },
  {
   "id": "zhanggu",
   "name": "杖鼓",
   "kind": "乐器",
   "plate": "zhanggu",
   "topics": [
    "nanqiangbeidiao"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "B",
    "source": "《元史》卷七十一·礼乐五·宴乐之器",
    "quote": "杖鼓，制以木为匡，细腰，以皮冒之，上施五彩绣带，右击以杖，左拍以手。",
    "plain": "杖鼓，用木作框，腰细，蒙上皮，上面施五彩绣带，右手用杖击，左手用手拍。",
    "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/元史/卷071",
    "evidence_id": "P37"
   },
   "note": "两端径、鼓长及绣带纹样未载；省去无依据的绷绳和花纹。图中绣带的朱色用于标部件，不表示原物只有一种颜色。",
   "pian": "元代宴乐记载"
  },
  {
   "id": "xizhu",
   "name": "戏竹",
   "kind": "乐器",
   "plate": "xizhu",
   "topics": [
    "nanqiangbeidiao"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "B",
    "source": "《元史》卷七十一·礼乐五·宴乐之器",
    "quote": "戏竹，制如籈，长二尺馀，上系流苏香囊，执而偃之，以止乐。",
    "plain": "戏竹，形制像籈，长二尺余，上面系流苏和香囊，拿着它放倒，以停止奏乐。",
    "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/元史/卷071",
    "evidence_id": "P34"
   },
   "note": "仅画长杆与流苏香囊关系；籈的具体形制及香囊纹样待图像补证，不加截图中无原句依据的顶部叉须。",
   "pian": "元代宴乐记载"
  },
  {
   "id": "yunao",
   "name": "云璈",
   "kind": "乐器",
   "plate": "yunao",
   "topics": [
    "nanqiangbeidiao"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "B",
    "source": "《元史》卷七十一·礼乐五·宴乐之器",
    "quote": "云璈，制以铜，为小锣十三，同一木架，下有长柄，左手持，而右手以小槌击之。",
    "plain": "云璈，用铜制成十三面小锣，同装在一个木架上，下面有长柄，左手持着，右手用小槌敲击。",
    "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/元史/卷071",
    "evidence_id": "N01"
   },
   "note": "原文未载十三锣排位、锣径与架形；此处按一加三行四面排开，便于核数，只作结构示意，不是考古复原。",
   "pian": "元代宴乐记载"
  },
  {
   "id": "fangxiang",
   "name": "方响",
   "kind": "乐器",
   "plate": "fangxiang",
   "topics": [
    "nanqiangbeidiao"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "B",
    "source": "《元史》卷七十一·礼乐五·宴乐之器",
    "quote": "方响，制以铁，十六枚，悬于磬虡，小角槌二。廷中设，下施小交足几，黄罗销金衣。",
    "plain": "方响，用铁制成，十六枚，悬在磬架上，小角槌两支。设在庭中时，下面放小交足几，罩黄罗销金衣。",
    "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/元史/卷071",
    "evidence_id": "N02"
   },
   "note": "两排各八只为数量示意；铁片尺寸、排列、磬架装饰及黄罗衣纹样未载。此图只保留悬架与交足承托关系，罩衣未绘。",
   "pian": "元代宴乐记载"
  },
  {
   "id": "touguan",
   "name": "头管",
   "kind": "乐器",
   "plate": "touguan",
   "topics": [
    "nanqiangbeidiao"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "B",
    "source": "《元史》卷七十一·礼乐五·宴乐之器",
    "quote": "头管，制以竹为管，卷芦叶为首，窍七。",
    "plain": "头管，用竹作管，卷芦叶作首，有七个孔。",
    "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/元史/卷071",
    "evidence_id": "N03"
   },
   "note": "管长、孔距、芦叶卷法及竹节位置未载；七孔等距仅供辨认数目，不作为制作尺度。",
   "pian": "元代宴乐记载"
  },
  {
   "id": "weicun-stage",
   "name": "乐厅",
   "kind": "戏台与布景",
   "plate": "weicun-stage",
   "topics": [
    "nanqiangbeidiao"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "C",
    "source": "〔图录〕国家大剧院《戏台春秋》·魏村牛王庙乐厅",
    "quote": "",
    "plain": "",
    "url": "https://www.chncpa.org/zwzt/zlzt/xxcq/",
    "evidence_id": "O05"
   },
   "note": "依国家大剧院图录及现状照片示意：单檐歇山顶，四角立柱，三面观。图录记面阔7.45米、柱高3.36米、台基高1.15米；屋顶高度、斗拱及侧墙细部未量定，不作测绘或元代原貌复原。石柱题记所记1283年建、1321年重修与现存形制分读。",
   "pian": "晋南现存戏台"
  },
  {
   "id": "mingying-curtain",
   "name": "帐额",
   "kind": "戏台与布景",
   "plate": "mingying-curtain",
   "topics": [
    "nanqiangbeidiao"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "C",
    "source": "〔图录〕明应王殿南壁演剧图·现状摄影（横额释文据张鹏文转引）",
    "quote": "",
    "plain": "",
    "url": "https://cafa.com.cn/cn/figures/article/details/815802",
    "evidence_id": "O06"
   },
   "note": "横额通读为“大行散乐忠都秀在此作场”，题中字形未获高清逐字校勘。此处只摘绘帐额、垂幕和圆点边饰，不补龙、虎纹。横额与中央人物关系及“忠都秀”的身份存在异说。",
   "pian": "明应王殿壁画摘绘"
  },
  {
   "id": "mingying-figure",
   "name": "壁画中央人物",
   "kind": "演剧图像",
   "plate": "mingying-figure",
   "topics": [
    "nanqiangbeidiao"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "C",
    "source": "〔图录〕明应王殿南壁演剧图·现状摄影",
    "quote": "",
    "plain": "",
    "url": "https://you.ctrip.com/travels/linfen318/4154386.html",
    "evidence_id": "O07"
   },
   "note": "旧参考题作“忠都秀”；中央人物身份未定，不据横额替人物定名。依现状照片摘绘轮廓，面部及衣饰留空；手持物按笏状物示意，不作人物肖像或角色复原。",
   "pian": "明应王殿壁画摘绘"
  },
  {
   "id": "huqin-yuan",
   "name": "胡琴",
   "kind": "乐器",
   "plate": "huqin-yuan",
   "topics": [
    "nanqiangbeidiao"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "B",
    "source": "《元史》卷七十一·礼乐五·宴乐之器",
    "quote": "胡琴，制如火不思，卷颈，龙首，二弦，用弓捩之，弓之弦以马尾。",
    "plain": "胡琴，形制像火不思，卷颈，龙首，二根弦，用弓拉奏，弓弦用马尾。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%8F%B2%E8%97%8F/%E6%AD%A3%E5%8F%B2/%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B2.txt",
    "evidence_id": "O09"
   },
   "note": "“制如火不思”只据本书同组记载示圆腹关系；不直接照现代二胡。卷首保留位置，不补龙首细饰，长宽比例及弓长未载。",
   "pian": "元代宴乐记载"
  },
  {
   "id": "moon-scene",
   "name": "月（布景）",
   "kind": "戏台与布景",
   "plate": "moon-scene",
   "topics": [
    "nanqiangbeidiao"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "B",
    "source": "《陶庵梦忆》卷五·刘晖吉女戏",
    "quote": "黑幔忽收，露出一月，其圆如规，四下以羊角染五色云气，中坐常仪，桂树吴刚，白兔捣药。轻纱幔之，内燃“赛月明”数株，光焰青黎，色如初曙，撒布成梁，遂蹑月窟，境界神奇，忘其为戏也。",
    "plain": "黑幕忽然收起，露出一轮圆月，圆得像圆规画成，周围以羊角染成五色云气，里面坐着常仪，有桂树、吴刚、白兔捣药。用轻纱遮着，里面点燃数株“赛月明”，光焰青黑，颜色像初晓，撒布成桥梁，于是登上月窟。境界神奇，忘了这是演戏。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%8F%B2%E8%97%8F/%E5%BF%97%E5%AD%98%E8%AE%B0%E5%BD%95/%E9%99%B6%E5%BA%B5%E6%A2%A6%E5%BF%86.txt",
    "evidence_id": "O04"
   },
   "note": "只示圆月、云气、纱幕关系，不补人物姿态、支架与灯具结构；月盘直径、羊角加工及“赛月明”的具体形制未载。常仪、撒布成梁等字依电子底本，原刻待校。",
   "pian": "明代家班舞台记事"
  },
  {
   "id": "yueqin",
   "name": "月琴",
   "kind": "乐器",
   "plate": "yueqin",
   "topics": [
    "nanqiangbeidiao"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "B",
    "source": "《清稗类钞》音乐类·月琴",
    "quote": "月琴，八角木槽而微凹，其面柄贯槽中，四弦覆手，曲首似琵琶。通体用紫檀，槽面用桐木。",
    "plain": "月琴，八角木槽，略凹，柄贯穿槽中，四根弦，设有覆手，曲首像琵琶。通体用紫檀，槽面用桐木。",
    "url": "https://github.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/blob/master/子藏/类书/清稗类钞.txt",
    "evidence_id": "P41"
   },
   "note": "按本条画八角槽与曲首；颈腹比例、弦轴数位未载，不加入现代月琴的品位。不能据同名套用到所有朝代。",
   "pian": "清代材料·民国编纂"
  },
  {
   "id": "tiqin",
   "name": "提琴",
   "kind": "乐器",
   "plate": "tiqin",
   "topics": [
    "nanqiangbeidiao"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "B",
    "source": "《清稗类钞》音乐类·提琴",
    "quote": "提琴，圆木为槽，上冒蟒皮而空其下，竹柄贯槽中，柄端刻木为龙首。柄有小环，贯四弦于其中。槽面正平，设柱以承弦.竹片为弓，马尾双弦，间而轧之。",
    "plain": "提琴，用圆木作槽，上面蒙蟒皮，下面空着，竹柄贯穿槽中，柄端用木刻作龙首。柄上有小环，四根弦穿在其中。槽面平正，设柱承弦。用竹片作弓，马尾作双弦，穿在弦间拉奏。",
    "url": "https://github.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/blob/master/子藏/类书/清稗类钞.txt",
    "evidence_id": "P40"
   },
   "note": "龙首只留卷首轮廓与位置，具体雕饰未载；弓弦交错是示意，不补定弓的尺寸与穿弦细节。不是西洋提琴。",
   "pian": "清代材料·民国编纂"
  },
  {
   "id": "jinkoujiao-family",
   "name": "海笛 · 金口角 · 聂兜姜",
   "kind": "乐器",
   "plate": "jinkoujiao-family",
   "topics": [
    "nanqiangbeidiao"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "B",
    "source": "《清稗类钞》音乐类·金口角",
    "quote": "金口角，木管，两端以铜为口，上弇下哆。管长约一尺，刻如竹节，前开七孔，后一孔，以芦哨入管端吹之。小者谓之海笛，长六寸有奇，大者谓之聂兜姜，长一尺二寸有奇，形制俱同。",
    "plain": "金口角，木管，两端用铜作口，上口收敛，下口张开。管长约一尺，刻得像竹节，前开七孔，后开一孔，把芦哨插入管端吹奏。小的叫海笛，长六寸有余，大的叫聂兜姜，长一尺二寸有余，形制都相同。",
    "url": "https://github.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/blob/master/子藏/类书/清稗类钞.txt",
    "evidence_id": "P38"
   },
   "note": "依六寸有奇、约一尺、一尺二寸有奇安排名义管长，非精确6∶10∶12。芦哨长度未载，另在管端作示意，不计入管长；管径、孔距也不是测绘数据。背孔不在正面重复画出。",
   "pian": "清代材料·民国编纂",
   "name_alt": [
    "海笛",
    "金口角",
    "聂兜姜"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "gujia",
   "name": "鼓架",
   "kind": "乐器",
   "plate": "gujia",
   "topics": [
    "nanqiangbeidiao"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "A",
    "source": "《扬州画舫录》卷五·新城北录下",
    "quote": "鼓架高二尺二寸七分，四脚方一寸二分，上雕净瓶头，高三寸五分。",
    "plain": "鼓架高二尺二寸七分，四脚一寸二分见方，上面雕净瓶头，瓶头高三寸五分。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%8F%B2%E8%97%8F/%E5%BF%97%E5%AD%98%E8%AE%B0%E5%BD%95/%E6%89%AC%E5%B7%9E%E7%94%BB%E8%88%AB%E5%BD%95.txt",
    "evidence_id": "O03"
   },
   "note": "原文后段存在缺字与“四八根”疑文，此图不定穿枋数。架宽、净瓶头与架高是否合计未明；四脚及瓶头仅作构件关系示意，不按比例换算。",
   "pian": "清代场面器用"
  },
  {
   "id": "suona",
   "name": "唢呐",
   "kind": "乐器",
   "plate": "suona",
   "topics": [
    "nanqiangbeidiao"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "B",
    "source": "《清稗类钞》音乐类·唢吶",
    "quote": "木管本小末大，长一尺四寸有奇，上口有铜，管长三寸，铜管上口复安芦哨。木管正面七孔，后出一孔，左侧面一孔。",
    "plain": "木管本端小、末端大，长一尺四寸有余，上口装铜管，管长三寸，铜管上口再装芦哨。木管正面七孔，后面一孔，左侧面一孔。",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/garychowcmu/daizhigev20/master/%E5%AD%90%E8%97%8F/%E7%B1%BB%E4%B9%A6/%E6%B8%85%E7%A8%97%E7%B1%BB%E9%92%9E.txt",
    "evidence_id": "O08"
   },
   "note": "仅按本条画木管、铜管与芦哨；前七孔可见，背孔及侧孔不挪到正面。“有奇”不是精确尺寸；芦哨大小、孔距未载，不加现代唢呐喇叭碗。此记述不前推宋元。",
   "pian": "清代材料·民国编纂"
  },
  {
   "id": "lq-lotus-bowl",
   "name": "莲瓣纹碗",
   "topics": [
    "longquan"
   ],
   "kind": "瓷器",
   "plate": "lq-lotus-bowl",
   "period": "南宋 · 13世纪",
   "accession": "17.57.1",
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "C",
    "source": "〔图录〕大都会艺术博物馆，17.57.1",
    "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/48450"
   },
   "note": "依馆方照片摘取外轮廓和可见莲瓣关系；瓣数、曲率不作测绘。朱标只指圈足，不表示原釉为红色。照片保留现存金漆修补，白描省去修补位置。1917是入藏记录，不是出海年代。"
  },
  {
   "id": "lq-bottle",
   "name": "青瓷瓶",
   "topics": [
    "longquan"
   ],
   "kind": "瓷器",
   "plate": "lq-bottle",
   "period": "南宋 · 13世纪",
   "accession": "34.113.13",
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "C",
    "source": "〔图录〕大都会艺术博物馆，34.113.13",
    "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/51050"
   },
   "note": "白描据当前照片保留轮廓，省去修补与反光，不是完整原貌复原；朱标指口沿结构。1934是馆方入藏记录，未据此补画古代海外路线。"
  },
  {
   "id": "lq-twin-fish",
   "name": "双鱼盘",
   "topics": [
    "longquan"
   ],
   "kind": "瓷器",
   "plate": "lq-twin-fish",
   "period": "南宋 · 13世纪中叶",
   "accession": "1964.164",
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "C",
    "source": "〔图录〕克利夫兰艺术博物馆，1964.164",
    "url": "https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1964.164"
   },
   "note": "所用侧视照片中鱼纹不够清楚，白描只取宽沿、浅腹与圈足，不臆补双鱼纹样；朱标指盘沿。未将此件与诺夫哥罗德双鱼盘碎片视为同一器。"
  },
  {
   "id": "lq-large-bowl",
   "name": "花口大碗",
   "topics": [
    "longquan"
   ],
   "kind": "瓷器",
   "plate": "lq-large-bowl",
   "period": "14—15世纪 · 馆录另标明代",
   "accession": "2020.188",
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "C",
    "source": "〔图录〕克利夫兰艺术博物馆，2020.188",
    "url": "https://www.clevelandart.org/art/2020.188"
   },
   "note": "器形对照，不是Julfar或伊朗出土器。馆录日期为1300s—1400s，朝代栏标明代，两栏并录；不强行缩成某一确年。白描瓣数为概括，不作实测。"
  },
  {
   "id": "lq-foliated-plate",
   "name": "刻莲纹菱花盘",
   "topics": [
    "longquan"
   ],
   "kind": "瓷器",
   "plate": "lq-foliated-plate",
   "period": "明 · 15世纪",
   "accession": "1980.449",
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "C",
    "source": "〔图录〕大都会艺术博物馆，1980.449",
    "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/50716"
   },
   "note": "白描只示花口、盘心与折沿关系，复杂莲纹请看原图；花口不作精确瓣数。馆方对供御的判断为今人馆藏研究，不把此器指定为枫洞岩某一窑炉产品。"
  },
  {
   "id": "lq-meiping",
   "name": "青瓷梅瓶",
   "topics": [
    "longquan"
   ],
   "kind": "瓷器",
   "plate": "lq-meiping",
   "period": "明初 · 1368—1435年",
   "accession": "中瓷001292N000000000",
   "flow": [],
   "cite": {
    "grade": "C",
    "source": "〔图录〕龍泉窯 青瓷梅瓶。國立故宮博物院，台北，CC BY 4.0 @ www.npm.gov.tw",
    "url": "https://digitalarchive.npm.gov.tw/opendata/Pub/Detail/19592?dep=U&mode=full"
   },
   "note": "仅据馆录形制文字与尺寸关系示意，未经原图逐点摹绘；肩腹曲率并非测量值。馆方开放许可已核，下载文件尚未取得，本页不嵌入馆方照片。朱标指露胎圈足，也不等于该器实物色值。"
  },
  {
   "id": "zh-baochuan",
   "name": "宝船",
   "kind": "舟船与航具",
   "topics": [
    "zhenghe"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "plate": "zh-baochuan",
   "cite": {
    "source_id": "CH07",
    "quote": "其所乘之寶舟，體勢巍然，巨無與敵",
    "plain": "他们所乘的宝船，形体高大，没有能与它相比的。",
    "source": "〔同时代文献〕巩珍《西洋番国志》自序",
    "locator": "自序·宝舟及帆锚舵操作段",
    "url": "https://www.shidianguji.com/zh/book/CADAL02052675/chapter/1me0c9rothu7q",
    "grade": "A"
   },
   "note": "船形取《锡兰山回苏门答剌过洋牵星图》左叶：三桅帆、左侧高起结构、长条船楼、弯曲船身与舷侧点纹按图摘绘。省去星位、外框与周围题字；不把未见部件另补为锚、舵。上引巩珍是关于宝舟的文字，与所列图像依据分别阅读。",
   "depiction": {
    "label": "图像摘绘 · 后世传本",
    "basis": "依据《武备志》卷240第21图左叶船形，保留三根桅杆、三面弯帆、船楼、舷侧点纹及少量波浪；整理重叠线并沿用本刊白描笔宽。朱线仅提示中帆帆缘。",
    "limits": "三桅是该传本图像的可见特征，不代表船队统一船型。图中比例、曲率和省线是摘绘处理，不作工程测绘，也不补未见的锚舵、尺度或装饰。",
    "image_id": "star-ceylon",
    "source_id": "SC08",
    "grade": "B",
    "source_title": "《武备志》卷240 · 锡兰山回苏门答剌过洋牵星图（左叶）",
    "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wu_bei_zhi_LOC_2004633695-21.jpg",
    "period": "所见早清刊本，1621年序；馆藏断代不早于1644年"
   },
   "unresolved": "三桅帆与船楼取自所见后世图本，不能据此确定郑和船队各船的桅数、尺寸或工程结构。",
   "thing_id": "zh-baochuan"
  },
  {
   "id": "zh-waterboat",
   "name": "水船与淡水补给",
   "kind": "舟船与航具",
   "topics": [
    "zhenghe"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "plate": "zh-waterboat",
   "cite": {
    "source_id": "CH07",
    "quote": "汲取淡水水船載運",
    "plain": "取来淡水，用水船载运。",
    "source": "〔同时代文献〕巩珍《西洋番国志》自序",
    "locator": "自序·取淡水、水船载运与积贮段",
    "url": "https://www.shidianguji.com/zh/book/CADAL02052675/chapter/1me0c9rothu7q",
    "grade": "A"
   },
   "note": "淡水补给是反复进行的航海工作。自序写到附近川泽及滨海港汊，未列可复原的取水全程，也未逐航分配水船。图上水纹与水滴只表示淡水，不表示某种桶、舱或储水器。",
   "depiction": {
    "label": "补给关系示意",
    "basis": "用川泽水纹、通用舟形和水滴符号表达取水、载运和储用；不画未核定的储水容器。",
    "limits": "不确定独立船型、储水器形、舱室结构、容量或日耗水量。"
   },
   "unresolved": "积贮处相关电子转录有生僻／疑字，未据此确定水舱、桶或储水罐形制。",
   "thing_id": "zh-waterboat"
  },
  {
   "id": "zh-portboat",
   "name": "港口小船",
   "kind": "舟船与航具",
   "topics": [
    "zhenghe"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "plate": "zh-portboat",
   "cite": {
    "source_id": "RT01",
    "quote": "沙淺，大船難進，止用小船",
    "plain": "港口沙浅，大船难以进入，只用小船通行。",
    "source": "〔同时代文献〕马欢《瀛涯胜览》爪哇国",
    "locator": "爪哇国·苏鲁马益港口段",
    "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/瀛涯勝覽#爪哇國",
    "grade": "A"
   },
   "note": "原文接着记小船入河、到埠头后登岸陆行。图中的船桨和舟形只帮助辨认接运活动，不表示已经查明当时小船的推进装备或具体造型。",
   "depiction": {
    "label": "交通关系示意",
    "basis": "以通用舟形和两条港汊线表示外泊、换乘与入港的关系。",
    "limits": "船只与港汊不按比例；不是古港平面图，不将“小船”定为某种现代地方船型。"
   },
   "unresolved": "国别段未定具体航次；古港、埠头与王居尚未逐一比定。",
   "thing_id": "zh-portboat"
  },
  {
   "id": "zh-watercompass",
   "name": "浮针木盘",
   "kind": "舟船与航具",
   "topics": [
    "zhenghe"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "plate": "zh-watercompass",
   "cite": {
    "source_id": "CH07",
    "quote": "皆斷木爲盤……浮針於水，指向行舟",
    "plain": "用木头做盘，把针浮在水上，用它指示航行方向。",
    "source": "〔同时代文献〕巩珍《西洋番国志》自序",
    "locator": "自序·断木为盘、浮针于水段",
    "url": "https://www.shidianguji.com/zh/book/CADAL02052675/chapter/1me0c9rothu7q",
    "grade": "A"
   },
   "note": "同段还记火长执掌针经图式。水罗盘的物理示意与牵星图的星位记法各自保留，不能由“指”数推出一件确定的牵星板。",
   "depiction": {
    "label": "功能示意",
    "basis": "据“斷木爲盤”“浮針於水”绘木盘、水面和针，省去未核定的刻字与刻度。",
    "limits": "盘形、针长和比例均为说明安排；不确定浮托材料，也不填入二十四方位或现代罗盘结构。"
   },
   "unresolved": "电子本“書刻支之字”的转录及盘面布局未通校原本。",
   "thing_id": "zh-watercompass"
  },
  {
   "id": "zh-celadon",
   "name": "青磁盘碗",
   "kind": "货物",
   "topics": [
    "zhenghe"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "plate": "zh-celadon",
   "cite": {
    "source_id": "RT01",
    "quote": "青磁盤碗",
    "plain": "青色釉瓷的盘、碗。",
    "source": "〔同时代文献〕马欢《瀛涯胜览》锡兰山国、占城国",
    "locator": "锡兰山国·物品换易段；并参占城国交易段",
    "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/瀛涯勝覽#錫蘭國_裸形國",
    "grade": "A"
   },
   "note": "原词“青磁”保留。锡兰段把它与织物、铜钱、樟脑等并列为交换物；宣德五年敕书另有人情物件中的“磁器”，两种用途不合成一张完整货单。",
   "depiction": {
    "label": "文献物类示意",
    "basis": "盘、碗以无纹的通用器类轮廓区分；朱标只指出碗足。未摹绘特定馆藏器。",
    "limits": "圈足、曲率和大小关系为图解；不能指定龙泉窑、某窑址或一件郑和船货。"
   },
   "unresolved": "未取得与此段对应的原器、出土位置或可判定窑口的器物证据。",
   "thing_id": "zh-celadon"
  },
  {
   "id": "zh-textiles",
   "name": "锦绮、紵丝与色绢",
   "kind": "货物",
   "topics": [
    "zhenghe"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "plate": "zh-textiles",
   "cite": {
    "source_id": "RT01",
    "quote": "先將帶去錦綺等貨，逐一議價已定",
    "plain": "先把带来的锦绮等货物逐项议定价格。",
    "source": "〔同时代文献〕马欢《瀛涯胜览》古里国、锡兰山国",
    "locator": "古里国·议价与合同价数段；并参锡兰山国",
    "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/瀛涯勝覽#古里國",
    "grade": "A"
   },
   "note": "图内“錦綺／紵絲／色絹”是说明转写，不是古代织物上的题字。网格仅提示经纬概念，不代表某一明代纹样。古里篇描述议价程序和合同价数，现未见对应合同实物；锡兰篇另述换易。",
   "depiction": {
    "label": "文献物类示意",
    "basis": "用折叠与卷置的布匹分列原词；细线只作经纬与折叠概念，不是历史织纹。未摹绘传世织物。",
    "limits": "不复原具体织法、纹样、颜色或尺寸；三个原词不等于同一种织物。"
   },
   "unresolved": "原名与具体织物结构的逐项考证尚未完成，不以现代词义替换所有古称。",
   "thing_id": "zh-textiles"
  },
  {
   "id": "zh-cash",
   "name": "铜钱",
   "kind": "货物",
   "topics": [
    "zhenghe"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "plate": "zh-cash",
   "cite": {
    "source_id": "RT01",
    "quote": "中國歷代銅錢通行使用",
    "plain": "中国历代的铜钱在当地通行使用。",
    "source": "〔同时代文献〕马欢《瀛涯胜览》爪哇国",
    "locator": "爪哇国·铜钱段；并参锡兰山国、卷首第二敕",
    "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/瀛涯勝覽#爪哇國",
    "grade": "A"
   },
   "note": "爪哇的通行记述不能归结为郑和带入。锡兰篇的交换物，与卷首第二敕中洪保护使携用的钱物，也属于不同文本和行动。",
   "depiction": {
    "label": "文献物类示意",
    "basis": "采用无钱文的圆钱方孔轮廓作物类标识；朱标指方孔。",
    "limits": "不指定铸年、币文、钱监、直径、重量或金属成色；图中枚数没有统计意义。"
   },
   "unresolved": "本期没有把任一具体永乐通宝或当地出土钱币确认为这段文字中的实物。",
   "thing_id": "zh-cash"
  },
  {
   "id": "zh-sappan",
   "name": "苏木",
   "kind": "货物",
   "topics": [
    "zhenghe"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "plate": "zh-sappan",
   "cite": {
    "source_id": "RT01",
    "quote": "土產蘇木",
    "plain": "当地出产苏木。",
    "source": "〔同时代文献〕马欢《瀛涯胜览》爪哇国、小葛兰国",
    "locator": "爪哇国物产段、小葛兰国；并参暹罗国",
    "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/瀛涯勝覽#爪哇國",
    "grade": "A"
   },
   "note": "爪哇、小葛兰的“土产”与暹罗篇另记的苏木进献分开理解。图不连一条从产地直达南京的运输线。",
   "depiction": {
    "label": "木材物类示意",
    "basis": "以枝段端面和纵向纹理表示木材；朱标落在一个断面，不代表实物必为该色。",
    "limits": "不画未核定的叶、花、果；断面轮数、材长、木种和加工方式不是考订结果。"
   },
   "unresolved": "未独立完成古物名与现代植物种的校核；本地出产不等于郑和在该港实购。",
   "thing_id": "zh-sappan"
  },
  {
   "id": "zh-camphor",
   "name": "樟脑",
   "kind": "货物",
   "topics": [
    "zhenghe"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "plate": "zh-camphor",
   "cite": {
    "source_id": "RT01",
    "quote": "銅錢、樟腦，則將寶石、珍珠換易",
    "plain": "用铜钱、樟脑等物换取宝石和珍珠。",
    "source": "〔同时代文献〕马欢《瀛涯胜览》锡兰山国",
    "locator": "锡兰山国·物品换易段",
    "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/瀛涯勝覽#錫蘭國_裸形國",
    "grade": "A"
   },
   "note": "原文只在换易物列中写“樟腦”。本期不把它与龙脑、冰片或龙涎香合并，不据这个名字推出产地或生产路线。",
   "depiction": {
    "label": "材料性质示意",
    "basis": "以边缘错落的不规则块片作材料符号，省去规则晶面；未据古代原样或显微晶体绘制。",
    "limits": "块片轮廓、断边和短线不说明当时樟脑的结晶、纯度、包装或加工法，也不代表现代鉴定。"
   },
   "unresolved": "古料具体成分、形态和来源未核定；不得用本图反证古物种或现代化学组成。",
   "thing_id": "zh-camphor"
  },
  {
   "id": "zh-gems",
   "name": "宝石与珍珠",
   "kind": "货物",
   "topics": [
    "zhenghe"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "plate": "zh-gems",
   "cite": {
    "source_id": "RT01",
    "quote": "王常著人齎珍珠、寶石等物",
    "plain": "国王常派人携带珍珠、宝石等物。",
    "source": "〔同时代文献〕马欢《瀛涯胜览》锡兰山国、古里国",
    "locator": "锡兰山国·随回洋宝船进贡段；并参古里国议价段",
    "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/瀛涯勝覽#錫蘭國_裸形國",
    "grade": "A"
   },
   "note": "同一篇中，“换易”与国王遣人携物进贡是两种关系。古里篇又讲逐项议价的过程；不能合并成郑和个人采购或一条珠宝流量。",
   "depiction": {
    "label": "文献物类示意",
    "basis": "以球状珠与不规则珠石的通用轮廓区分物类；内线只是图解，不作切割或矿物鉴定。",
    "limits": "不把古石名直接指定为红宝石、蓝宝石等；图中大小、数量与价值无对应关系。"
   },
   "unresolved": "古石名的现代矿物比定、具体矿地、克拉和对应单件器物均未核定。",
   "thing_id": "zh-gems",
   "related_ids": [
    "baoshi"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "zh-localship",
   "name": "当地商船",
   "kind": "舟船与航具",
   "topics": [
    "zhenghe"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "plate": "zh-localship",
   "cite": {
    "source_id": "RT01",
    "quote": "就選差通事人等七人……附本國船隻到彼",
    "plain": "于是选派通事等七人，搭乘当地船只前往。",
    "source": "〔同时代文献〕马欢《瀛涯胜览》天方国",
    "locator": "天方国·宣德五年出使背景下的七人附船段",
    "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/瀛涯勝覽#天方國",
    "grade": "A"
   },
   "note": "原文中的“本国船只”承接古里差人往天方的行动；本栏目沿用“当地商船”作编辑组名，但不把该句增译为确定的船型或船主身份。国别篇另有榜葛剌富家造船经营诸国的记述，两件事不能合为同一船。原文给出的任务背景保留在详情，图录不据此推定每一条商船活动的航次。",
   "depiction": {
    "label": "搭乘关系示意",
    "basis": "以无特定帆装的通用舟形、行旅符号和连线表达当地船只承载通事的关系；不是阿拉伯三角帆船摘绘。",
    "limits": "船身、舱室与人数位置只作说明，不确定帆式、桅数、船型、载重、船主或海上完整路线。"
   },
   "unresolved": "天方篇能证搭乘当地船的行动，不能确定这艘船的船型、帆式、造船工艺或完整靠港次序。",
   "thing_id": "zh-localship"
  },
  {
   "id": "zh-tin",
   "name": "花锡与锡块",
   "kind": "货物",
   "topics": [
    "zhenghe"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "plate": "zh-tin",
   "cite": {
    "source_id": "RT01",
    "quote": "鑄成斗樣小塊……每十塊用藤縛為小把",
    "plain": "把锡铸成斗样小块；每十块用藤条捆成一小把。",
    "source": "〔同时代文献〕马欢《瀛涯胜览》满剌加国",
    "locator": "满剌加国·花锡、锡场、铸块与行使段",
    "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/瀛涯勝覽#滿剌加國",
    "grade": "A"
   },
   "note": "原文先记王命头目主管锡场、采炼铸块输官，再记藤缚成把和通市交易。“花锡”作为原文名物保留；重量段转录前后不整，本图不换算现代公斤，也不把普通现代锡锭认作此种古块。",
   "depiction": {
    "label": "铸块与捆束示意",
    "basis": "据“斗樣小塊”和藤缚作块体轮廓与组合示意；图中块体数量用于读清单块、捆束两种状态。",
    "limits": "斗样轮廓未经原器校对；图中数量不代表实际十块或四十块的完整把数，也不定尺寸、成色、截面或重量。"
   },
   "unresolved": "电子本所列斤两前后有不整处，未通校原本；斗样块的尺寸、截面、成色和完整把数不作复原。",
   "thing_id": "zh-tin"
  },
  {
   "id": "zh-dammar",
   "name": "打麻儿香（树脂）",
   "kind": "货物",
   "topics": [
    "zhenghe"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "plate": "zh-dammar",
   "cite": {
    "source_id": "RT01",
    "quote": "打麻兒香本是一等樹脂……點照當燈……塗抹於外",
    "plain": "打麻儿香是一种树脂，可点燃照明，也用于涂抹船体外部。",
    "source": "〔同时代文献〕马欢《瀛涯胜览》满剌加国",
    "locator": "满剌加国·打麻儿香用途及转卖段",
    "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/瀛涯勝覽#滿剌加國",
    "grade": "A"
   },
   "note": "同段还记采集后转卖他处。图示把原文中的照明、涂船两种用途分开；“香”字不等于这里只供熏香。原文所称树脂、金珀样透明好料等也不在本期强并为一种经过现代鉴定的材料。",
   "depiction": {
    "label": "材料与用途示意",
    "basis": "用不规则树脂块、火光符号及通用舟形示出点照、船体外涂两种用途；朱标提示一段涂抹位置。",
    "limits": "不画未核定的植物、割采工艺或化学结构；树脂块与船形均非实物摹绘，不说明明朝宝船全部采用此料。"
   },
   "unresolved": "古名对应的现代植物种及材料成分未核定；满剌加番船用料不能据此套到所有明朝宝船。",
   "thing_id": "zh-dammar"
  },
  {
   "id": "zh-frankincense-myrrh",
   "name": "乳香与没药",
   "kind": "货物",
   "topics": [
    "zhenghe"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "plate": "zh-frankincense-myrrh",
   "cite": {
    "source_id": "RT01",
    "quote": "皆將其乳香……沒藥……來換易其紵絲、磁器等物",
    "plain": "人们拿乳香、没药等物，来交换紵丝、瓷器等物。",
    "source": "〔同时代文献〕马欢《瀛涯胜览》祖法儿国",
    "locator": "祖法儿国·乳香树脂与换易物列段",
    "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/瀛涯勝覽#祖法兒國",
    "grade": "A"
   },
   "note": "原文只对乳香另述树脂与斫树取香，随后将乳香、没药及其他物品分别列在换易物中；不能把同列货物都判作本地出产。两种香料在图中分列，不能仅凭块粒外观完成物种或药材鉴定。",
   "depiction": {
    "label": "分列物类示意",
    "basis": "以两簇有别的通用块粒分列“乳香”“沒藥”；位置和轮廓用于辨读两项原名，没有摹绘特定标本。",
    "limits": "不确定没药在该港的产地、原植物、颜色、药效或采法；块粒大小、形状和数量不是鉴定结果，也不表示采购量。"
   },
   "unresolved": "原文将两物分别列名；其中乳香明言树脂，没药的树种、形态与采法未在本段说明。未核定单次采购量、航次或运输全程。",
   "thing_id": "zh-frankincense-myrrh",
   "related_ids": [
    "ruxiang"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "zh-bulat",
   "name": "不剌头短刀",
   "kind": "地方器物",
   "topics": [
    "zhenghe"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "plate": "zh-bulat",
   "cite": {
    "source_id": "RT01",
    "quote": "插一、兩把短刀在腰，名不剌頭",
    "plain": "腰间插一两把短刀，名叫“不剌头”。",
    "source": "〔同时代文献〕马欢《瀛涯胜览》爪哇国",
    "locator": "爪哇国·国王及国人佩刀段",
    "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/瀛涯勝覽#爪哇國",
    "grade": "A"
   },
   "note": "文献中确有“不剌头”这个名字，所据电子本随后还记鑌铁与金、犀角、象牙柄饰。识典HY6417张昇删述本也写“佩短刀曰不剌頭”，该本卷首明记马观撰记、张昇删述、高承埏订校，属于版本对读。这个古称不直接等同于现代统一刀名；尚未校清诸本异文和原语词源。这里只作爪哇地方器物，不列为郑和船队武器或已购商品。",
   "depiction": {
    "label": "文献物类示意",
    "basis": "只以通用短刃和柄区轮廓配合原文释名；没有采用一把来源未明的现代收藏刀作为十五世纪原器。",
    "limits": "不补刀鞘、波刃、特定神像或材质纹理；刃形、柄形与尺寸未经古器图证，不能据图确定所有现代kris均为“不剌头”。"
   },
   "unresolved": "“不剌头”是所据传本的称谓，尚未通校诸本异文及原语词源；不能由名字断定所有现代kris均为此物，也不能据文字确定波刃、尺寸或具体雕饰。",
   "thing_id": "zh-bulat"
  },
  {
   "id": "zh-qilin",
   "name": "“麒麟”与瑞应图像",
   "kind": "进献与图像",
   "topics": [
    "zhenghe"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "plate": "zh-qilin",
   "cite": {
    "source_id": "TH03",
    "quote": "麒麟出榜葛刺國。表進於朝。",
    "plain": "麒麟来自榜葛刺国，并随表文被进献到朝廷。",
    "source": "〔同时代题颂〕沈度《瑞应麒麟颂》（经故宫题跋栏转录）",
    "locator": "题颂序·永乐甲午秋九月、榜葛刺进献段",
    "url": "https://digitalarchive.npm.gov.tw/Collection/Detail/6015?dep=P",
    "grade": "A"
   },
   "note": "馆藏题名是《明人画麒麟沈度颂　轴》：沈度题颂，画者作明人。题颂叙述永乐甲午（1414）的榜葛刺进献，并以瑞应颂扬皇帝；馆方说明此处“麒麟”所绘为长颈鹿。题颂事件年、现存画轴制作年和动物原产地分开阅读，不能将榜葛刺进献倒推为郑和船队已经到达东非。本项没有把无既有节点的榜葛刺强行落到麻林或天方。 本项列为进献与瑞应图像，区别于普通交易商品。",
   "depiction": {
    "label": "图像摘绘 · 馆藏图证",
    "basis": "依据国立故宫博物院本幅中的长颈鹿，摘取弯曲长颈、低垂头、角耳、网纹、四肢及尾部；省去右侧圉人和上部题颂，以头络的一处朱线提示牵引关系。",
    "limits": "动物比例与省线为编辑整理，不作实物测绘或沈度原笔；没有绘出全幅人物与题字，不能据动物摘绘证明运输场景。题颂所述1414年不确定现存画的制作年，也不证明郑和本人到过动物产地。",
    "image_id": "qilin-npm",
    "source_id": "TH01",
    "grade": "C",
    "grade_label": "馆藏图证",
    "source_title": "《明人画麒麟沈度颂　轴》·本幅动物",
    "source_url": "https://digitalarchive.npm.gov.tw/Collection/Detail/6015?dep=P",
    "period": "馆藏著录明人画；题颂述1414年进献，画作制作年未定"
   },
   "unresolved": "题颂述永乐甲午（1414）榜葛刺进献；画作制作年未核定，沈度是题颂者，画者作明人。进献地不等于动物原产地，不据此认定郑和本人抵达东非。",
   "thing_id": "zh-qilin"
  },
  {
   "id": "bx-t-e0091d3682b4",
   "name": "蔚州分水铁板（地志记载）",
   "kind": "水利设施",
   "topics": [
    "baxing"
   ],
   "flow": [],
   "note": "读史方舆纪要记蔚州滋水一带金代争水，以开十孔的铁板分流灌田。文字说明地方用水如何分配；它是一项文献所述设施，尚未确认为现存文物。",
   "unresolved": "文献记载，原物未获；尺寸、孔形、制作确年及原图未见，不作形制复原。",
   "cite": {
    "grade": "B",
    "source": "《读史方舆纪要》（卷四十四·蔚州、广昌）（蔚州·滋水）",
    "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/讀史方輿紀要/卷四十四",
    "work_id": "bx-w-afbec5bcd9c4",
    "quote": "金時民競爭利，鑄鐵板一片十竅，分流灌田。",
    "plain": "金代居民争水，便用开有十孔的铁板分水灌田。"
   },
   "source_records": [
    {
     "topic": "baxing",
     "path": "topics/baxing/reading.json",
     "pointer": "/evidence/BD-E22"
    },
    {
     "topic": "baxing",
     "path": "topics/baxing/reading.json",
     "pointer": "/sources/BD-S02"
    },
    {
     "topic": "baxing",
     "path": "topics/baxing/reading.json",
     "pointer": "/objects/0",
     "role": "history_mention"
    }
   ],
   "cites": [
    {
     "topic": "baxing",
     "grade": "B",
     "source": "《读史方舆纪要》（卷四十四·蔚州、广昌）（蔚州·滋水）",
     "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/讀史方輿紀要/卷四十四",
     "work_id": "bx-w-afbec5bcd9c4",
     "quote": "金時民競爭利，鑄鐵板一片十竅，分流灌田。",
     "plain": "金代居民争水，便用开有十孔的铁板分水灌田。"
    }
   ]
  }
 ]
}